Byzantium at War AD 600-1453（战争中的拜占庭：公元600-1453年）（17）
作者：John Haldon约翰·哈尔顿
出版商：Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
自翻：神尾智代
Portrait of a civilian Metrios — a farmer
一个平民的描写：Metrios——农民
The effects of warfare and fighting on individuals and on local communities at different times and the evidence for the non-military perception and perspective on war have already been alluded to in earlier chapters. One of the problems of Byzantine history is the fact that the written evidence, upon which historians have to rely for knowledge of people's opinions and attitudes, was nearly always produced by members of relatively privileged social strata. We thus have very little real idea of what ordinary people - peasants, merchants, craftsmen, simple soldiers - actually thought about their world. Of course, we can try to establish through the writings of the educated something of the views and beliefs of the non-literate, or at least non-writing part of society, and we can also work out through the actions taken by certain groups at certain times something of what they thought and why. For example, while writing for a limited and very elite readership, the Princess Anna Comnena, writing early in the 12th century, presents a graphic description of the effects of warfare on the provinces in the years before her father, the emperor Alexios I, had (in her view) rescued the empire from its troubles:
（战争和战斗在不同时期对个人和当地社区的影响以及非军事对战争的看法和观点的证据已在前面的章节中有所提及。拜占庭历史的问题之一是，历史学家必须依靠书面证据来了解人们的意见和态度，这一事实几乎总是由相对享有特权的社会阶层成员提供。 因此，我们对普通人——农民、商人、工匠、普通士兵——实际上对他们的世界的看法知之甚少。当然，我们可以尝试通过受过教育的人的著作来建立一些不识字的人的观点和信仰，或者至少是社会非写作部分的观点和信仰，我们也可以通过某些群体在某些时候采取的行动来解决。某些时候他们的想法和原因。例如，在为有限且非常精英的读者写作时，安娜·科姆宁娜公主 (Princess Anna Comnena) 写于 12 世纪初期，描绘了她父亲阿历克西斯一世皇帝之前几年战争对各省的影响。（在她看来）将帝国从困境中解救出来：）
Cities were wiped out, lands ravaged, all the territories of Rome were stained with blood. Some died miserably, pierced by arrow or lance; others were driven from their homes or carried off as prisoners of war ... Dread seized on all as they hurried to seek refuge from impending disaster in caves, forests, mountains and hills. There they loudly bewailed the fate of their friends ... mourned the loss of sons or grieved for their daughters ... In those days no walk of life was spared its tears and lamentation.
（城市被摧毁，土地被蹂躏，罗马的所有领土都被鲜血染红。 有的死得很惨，被箭或长矛刺穿； 其他人则被赶出家园或作为战俘被带走……当他们急忙在洞穴、森林、山脉和丘陵中躲避迫在眉睫的灾难时，恐惧笼罩着所有人。 在那里，他们大声哀悼朋友的命运……哀悼失去儿子或为女儿悲痛……在那些日子里，所有的生活都不能幸免于眼泪和悲叹。）
It is because they tended to act in large groups and in specific circumstances about which we often possess quite a lot of information, soldiers are a very good group to study in this respect. Unfortunately, less can be said through direct evidence about civilians, and so we will necessarily rely on a certain amount of hypothesis in this chapter.
（正是因为他们倾向于成群结队地行动，而且在我们通常掌握着大量信息的特定情况下，士兵是一个非常适合研究这方面的群体。不幸的是，通过关于平民的直接证据可以说的很少，因此我们在本章中必然会依赖一定数量的假设。）
As we saw in the previous chapter, it is clear that the presence of soldiers was rarely, if ever, welcome, except perhaps when a community or the local population at large was suffering directly from enemy attacks. Whether the army was engaged in fighting the enemy or not, whole communities or individuals might still suffer at the hands of unruly or poorly disciplined soldiers. In the 10th century, members of a small monastic community on the island of Gymnopelagesion in the Aegean were forced to abandon their homes because of the frequent seizure ('requisitioning') of their animals and crops by passing vessels of the imperial fleet. ']'here are plenty of other examples: Armenian soldiers, for instance, notorious (at least in the view of the Greek sources) for their lack of discipline and poor behaviour, were especially feared by the ordinary populace of the countryside; and an 11th-century source recounts the tale of a local girl who had been robbed by a unit of Armenian troops passing through. Byzantine writers themselves often remarked on the fact that Roman troops could be poorly disciplined and even ravage imperial territory for their supplies when these were not forthcoming or thought to be inadequate. One commentator sums up the general attitude to soldiers when he makes reference to the troublesome presence of soldiers'.
（正如我们在前一章中看到的那样，很明显，士兵的存在很少（如果有的话）是受欢迎的，除非社区或当地居民直接遭受敌人的袭击。 无论军队是否参与了与敌人的战斗，整个社区或个人仍然可能会受到不守规矩或纪律严明的士兵的影响。 在 10 世纪，爱琴海 Gymnopelagesion 岛上的一个小修道院社区的成员被迫放弃家园，因为他们的动物和庄稼经常被过往的帝国舰队的船只没收（“征用”）。 ']'这里还有很多其他的例子：例如，亚美尼亚士兵因缺乏纪律和不良行为而臭名昭著（至少在希腊文献看来），农村的普通民众尤其害怕； 一个 11 世纪的消息来源讲述了一个当地女孩被一支路过的亚美尼亚军队抢劫的故事。 拜占庭作家自己经常评论这样一个事实，即罗马军队可能缺乏纪律，甚至在供应不足或被认为不足的情况下肆虐帝国领土。 一位评论家在提到士兵的麻烦存在时总结了对士兵的普遍态度。）
In the late 11th century the Archbishop Theophylact of Ohrid in the Byzantine provinces of Bulgaria complained in the strongest terms about the oppressive weight of the state demands on Church tenants. He was especially concerned with the labour demanded for the repair, maintenance or construction of fortifications, but he was equally vehement about special conscriptions for the army, which took men away from an already weakened local population. The oppressive demands of the imperial fiscal officials was often such that Theophylact remarks on the flight of considerable numbers of villagers to the forests, in order to escape such oppression. While the situation seems to have worsened in the later 11th century and afterwards, these requisitions and demands and the hardship they caused remained a major burden on the rural population of the Byzantine empire until its last years.
（在 11 世纪后期，保加利亚拜占庭省份奥赫里德的大主教 Theophylact 以最强烈的方式抱怨国家对教会租户的要求过于沉重。 他特别关心维修、维护或建造防御工事所需的劳动力，但他同样强烈关注军队的特殊征兵，这将把人从已经虚弱的当地人口中带走。 帝国财政官员的压迫性要求往往是这样的，以至于 Theophylact 评论大量村民逃往森林，以逃避这种压迫。 虽然情况在 11 世纪后期及之后似乎有所恶化，但这些征用和要求及其造成的困难一直是拜占庭帝国农村人口的主要负担，直到其最后几年。）
As in the earlier chapter which portrayed the life of a 'typical' soldier, therefore, I will look at the daily life of an ordinary Byzantine through the eyes and experiences of an invented individual, based on a composite derived from a range of sources combined together to generate an impressionistic account: all the events described in what follows can be found in medieval sources of the period from the 7th to the 12th centuries. In this case, our subject is called Metrios — there is a short 10th-century account of a peasant farmer of this name from Paphlagonia. We will assume that he was a farmer of some means in his community, the village of Katoryaka in Paphlagonia, and the time is the middle of the 9th century. Although his village is situated only three days' travel from the large coastal fortress town of Amastris, the villagers rarely undertake this journey, partly because the roads are riot particularly safe — there were always small bands of refugees moving northwards from the most exposed frontier zones and, while many of them settled down in and around the smaller towns and fortresses of the region, there were always a few who fell into a life of banditry and brigandage. There was also the fact that Metrios could provide little from his land that villages much nearer the town could not produce, and so his markets would have tended to be located much closer to his home village. In spite of the distance from the nearest active front, Katoryaka was regularly affected by the war, lying on one of the major routes east from Dorylaion and Constantinople, a route frequently used by the army. This meant that the villagers would regularly have had to provide accommodation and board for officers and imperial officials — fiscal, military and others — who would frequently pass through while carrying out their duties. Although the disadvantages of having to put up such people was the cause of frequent grumbling, it also meant that the village was never short of news, since inevitably the attendants of the officials in question would be willing to pass on gossip to those with whom they came into contact in the course of their duties.
（因此，正如在前面描绘“典型”士兵生活的章节中一样，我将通过一个虚构的个人的眼睛和经验来看待普通拜占庭人的日常生活。 在一起形成一个印象派的描述：下面描述的所有事件都可以在 7 世纪到 12 世纪的中世纪资料中找到。 在这种情况下，我们的主题称为 Metrios — 有一个 10 世纪的简短描述，描述了来自 Paphlagonia（帕夫拉戈尼亚） 的一位同名农民。 我们假设他是他所在社区帕夫拉戈尼亚 Katoryaka 村的某个农民，时间是 9 世纪中叶。 尽管他的村庄距离大型沿海堡垒城镇阿马斯特里斯只有三天的路程，但村民们很少踏上这段旅程，部分原因是道路特别安全——总是有一小群难民从最暴露的边境地区向北迁移 而且，虽然他们中的许多人在该地区的小城镇和堡垒及其周围安顿下来，但总有一些人陷入了土匪和强盗的生活。 还有一个事实是，Metrios 几乎无法从他的土地上提供距离城镇更近的村庄无法生产的产品，因此他的市场往往更靠近他的家乡。 尽管距离最近的活跃前线有一定距离，但Katoryaka 经常受到战争的影响，位于Dorylaion 和君士坦丁堡以东的主要路线之一，这是军队经常使用的路线。 这意味着村民们将经常不得不为官员和帝国官员——财政、军事和其他人——提供住宿和食宿，他们在执行任务时经常经过。 不得不放这样的人的坏处虽然是经常抱怨的原因，但这也意味着村子里从来不缺消息，因为这些官员的随从不可避免地愿意把八卦传给他们身边的人。 在他们的工作过程中接触过。）
We encounter Metrios at the beginning of an important week. In the first place, it is the feast of the patron saint of the village, St Mokios, and the villagers traditionally have a fair, with a market and a great deal of feasting, culminating in a liturgical celebration in the village church conducted by the local bishop, who has travelled down specially for the occasion. The fair attracts a good number of villagers from the neighbouring communities who come both to join in the festivities and to help any relatives they may have — many of the village girls marry young men from neighbouring settlements — as well as a sizeable number of traders and merchants who come, often considerable distances, with their trains of pack-mules to sell their wares or buy goods that cannot be found elsewhere. It is a good time for the villagers. They can buy goods from the traders whom they only rarely see in their village, in spite of its location on a major route; they can exchange gossip and news; there is the chance for the youngsters to expand their social horizons, and for the young men and women to eye one another up！By far the most interesting visitors to the fair for most villagers are the traders, especially those from far away, distant provinces within the empire bringing the luxury products of those regions — Pontic cloths from the region around Trehizond far to the east, leather goods from Cappadocia in the south, spices and exotic medicines from Syria and the lands further to the east that few of the villagers had even heard of, still less visited themselves. Knowledge of such places came from merchants alone and the occasional slave or former prisoner of the Arabs who had obtained his release by some means or other.
（我们在重要的一周开始时遇到了 Metrios。 首先，它是村庄守护神圣莫基奥斯的节日，村民们传统上有集市、市场和大量的宴席，最终在村庄教堂举行由村民主持的礼仪庆典。 当地主教，他专门为这个场合而来。 集市吸引了许多来自邻近社区的村民前来参加庆祝活动并帮助他们可能拥有的任何亲戚——许多村里的女孩嫁给了来自邻近定居点的年轻人——以及大量的商人和 商人，通常是长途跋涉，带着一队驮骡来出售他们的商品或购买在别处找不到的商品。 这是村民们的好时光。 他们可以从他们村里很少见到的商人那里购买商品，尽管它位于一条主要路线上； 他们可以交流八卦和新闻； 年轻人有机会拓宽社会视野，青年男女有机会互相关注！ 到目前为止，大多数村民最感兴趣的参观者是商人，尤其是来自遥远省份的商人 帝国内部带来了这些地区的奢侈品——来自远东特雷希宗附近地区的庞蒂克布料、来自南部卡帕多西亚的皮革制品、来自叙利亚的香料和异国药物以及更远的东部土地，那里几乎没有村民拥有 就算听说过，自己也很少去拜访。 这些地方的知识仅来自商人和偶尔通过某种方式获得释放的阿拉伯人的奴隶或前囚犯。）
Metrios himself faces two problems this week. In the first place, he has to take his two mules to the neighbouring village of Palaiokastro to collect his injured nephew, a soldier hurt in an accident, and whom he has undertaken to look after, and at the same time purchase some products he cannot get in his own village — his own village produces olives and olive oil in abundance, but goodquality wine, a well-known product of Palaiokastro, is difficult to come by and Metrios wishes to stock up in this respect (the fact that Metrios possesses two mules, incidentally, is a sign of his relative wealth — a good mule could cost as much as 12 or even 15 gold nomismata, the basic gold coin and unit of account of the Byzantine world). In addition, he has been informed by a passing government official that he will be required to put up an officer of a unit passing through the area during the week of the fair. This is his second problem, for he must provide food and a bed for this visitor and his servant as well as fodder for their animals, and if he wishes to avoid having problems he must ensure that his hospitality is appreciated by the officer in question.
（本周，Metrios 本人面临两个问题。 首先，他得带着他的两只骡子到邻近的Palaiokastro村去接他受伤的侄子，一个在事故中受伤的士兵，并承诺照顾他，同时购买一些他无法购买的产品 进入他自己的村庄——他自己的村庄出产丰富的橄榄和橄榄油，但优质的葡萄酒，Palaiokastro 的知名产品，很难获得，Metrios 希望在这方面储备（事实上，Metrios 顺便说一下，拥有两只骡子是他相对财富的标志——一头好的骡子可能要花费 12 甚至 15 金币，这是拜占庭世界的基本金币和记账单位）。此外，一位路过的政府官员告诉他，他将被要求在展会的一周内安排一名经过该地区的单位的官员。 这是他的第二个问题，因为他必须为这位访客和他的仆人提供食物和床铺，并为他们的动物提供饲料，如果他希望避免出现问题，他必须确保他的款待得到有关官员的赞赏。）
Leaving his home shortly after dawn, his journey to Palaiokastro takes nearly six hours. Once there he visits the garrison where his nephew is recovering from his accident, leaves his mules with some of the soldiers, whom he pays to water them and look after them, before walking down the hill to the village, where he stops for a drink of wine with some acquaintances in the village guest-house and tavern. There he rests until the midday heat has abated, playing a couple of games of tavli (backgammon) and eating a light meal, before walking back up to the fortress to collect his mules and nephew. By late afternoon he has loaded the broad basketwork panniers on one of the two mules with large leathern bags filled with the wine he has purchased, and set off homewards. Having left it fairly late in the day, the second half of the trip is in the dark, of course, and the fear of bandits on the road gives Metrios and his nephew some cause for concern, although the latter has his sword and spear with him. But they are on a fairly well-used road, and at this particular time of the year there are still a number of other travellers to be seen, mostly on their way to his own village for the fair which begins in two days' time.
（黎明后不久离开他的家，他前往帕莱奥卡斯特罗的旅程需要将近六个小时。 在那里，他参观了他侄子正在从事故中恢复过来的驻军，将他的骡子留给一些士兵，他付钱给他们浇水并照顾他们，然后下山到村庄，在那里他停下来喝一杯 和一些熟人在村里的宾馆和小酒馆里喝了酒。 他在那里休息，直到中午的炎热消退，玩了几场 tavli（西洋双陆棋）游戏并吃了一顿便餐，然后走回堡垒收集他的骡子和侄子。 傍晚时分，他将宽大的篮筐篮筐装在两只骡子中的一只上，里面装满了他购买的葡萄酒的大皮袋，然后启程回家。 当天很晚才离开，行程的后半部分当然是在黑暗中，对路上强盗的恐惧让 Metrios 和他的侄子有些担心，尽管后者有他的剑和长矛 他。 但是他们在一条相当发达的道路上，在一年中的这个特殊时期，他仍然看到了许多其他旅行者，他们大多是在前往他自己的村庄参加两天后开始的集市的路上。）
Metrios has a day to prepare for the arrival of his unbidden military guest, but he finds a good deal of commotion on returning to the village. It appears that during his absence another train of imperial fiscal officials had arrived and, presenting a series of documents to the village headman, informed the villagers that, in view of the military expedition being planned for the summer that year, they would have to produce an extra supply of grain and olive oil for the army. The village had already paid its regular tax demands for the year, so this imposition, coming as it did at the time of the fair, was especially unwelcome. Katoryaka was not a poor community, unlike those higher up in the mountains to the south, so the burden could at least be managed without substantial suffering.
（Metrios 有一天时间为不速之客的到来做准备，但他发现返回村庄时发生了很多骚动。 看来，在他不在的时候，又来了一列皇家财官，向村长出示了一系列的文件，通知村民，鉴于当年夏天的军事远征计划，他们将不得不生产 为军队提供额外的谷物和橄榄油。 该村已经缴纳了当年的常规税收要求，因此这种征收，就像在集市时一样，特别不受欢迎。 与南部山区较高的社区不同，Katoryaka 并不是一个贫穷的社区，因此至少可以在不遭受实质性痛苦的情况下管理负担。）
Unfortunately, the tax officer in charge of this extra assessment was a particularly unpleasant sort, and made a lot of extra demands in terms of hospitality and 'gifts' from the village. With his own military escort and the additional presence of a unit of regular troops passing through the village, the inhabitants had little option to paying up and getting rid of the official in question as quickly as possible. Inevitably, he decided to prolong his stay to include the fair.
（不幸的是，负责这项额外评估的税务官员是一个特别令人讨厌的类型，并提出了许多额外的要求，如好客和来自村庄的“礼物”。由于有他自己的军队护送，再加上有一支正规军部队经过村子，村民们几乎没有办法尽快付钱把那个官员打发走。不可避免地，他决定延长逗留时间，把集市也包括在内。）
The arrival of the officer took place the evening of the day before the fair. Metrios and his wife and daughter - his son had married some years earlier and had only recently moved into his own house on the other side of the village - greeted the officer politely and after offering him the usual gift of wine and bread showed him to his quarters. The two servants were billeted in the outhouse which served as a storehouse and occasional shelter for the mules. Fortunately, the officer seemed a pleasant sort of man who demanded only what was his due, greatly to the relief of Metrios and his family - particularly the daughter: the reputation of soldiers, and officers in particular, was only too well known. That evening the family went to the village church for a mass preparatory to the fair and to mark the inauguration of the feast of the village's patron saint, and the officer accompanied them. The village priest, a relatively learned man for such a humble position, chose as the text for his homily a passage from the writings of Anastasios of Sinai, a famous holy man of a couple of centuries ago, on the dangers to the soul posed by lack of attention and piety during the holy liturgy: men staring at the women in the gallery (or at the back of the church in the case of Metrios' village); chattering and discussing matters of business or village gossip while ignoring the priest; and rushing out at the end of the service as though chased by dogs. The congregation listened attentively and soberly - but the attractions of preparing for the fair were too much, and the rush to leave the church at the end of the service was just what father Efthymios did not want to see.
（官员的到来发生在博览会前一天的晚上。 Metrios 和他的妻子和女儿——他的儿子几年前结婚，最近才搬进村子另一边的自己的房子——礼貌地向警官打招呼，并在向他提供了通常的酒和面包礼物后，向他展示了 宿舍。 这两个仆人被安置在外屋里，外屋是骡子的仓库和偶尔的住所。 幸运的是，这位军官似乎是一个讨人喜欢的人，他只要求他应得的东西，这让 Metrios 和他的家人——尤其是女儿——大为宽慰：士兵的名声，尤其是军官的名声，实在是太广为人知了。 那天晚上，一家人去村里的教堂为集市做群众准备，并庆祝村里守护神的盛宴开幕，官员陪同。 村里的牧师是一位相对博学的人，地位如此卑微，他选择了几个世纪前著名的圣人西奈的阿纳斯塔西奥斯 (Anastasios of Sinai) 的著作中的一段话作为他的讲道文本，关于 在神圣的礼仪中缺乏关注和虔诚：男人盯着画廊里的女人（或者在 Metrios 村的情况下盯着教堂的后面）； 喋喋不休地谈论商业或乡村八卦，而忽视牧师； 并在服务结束时像被狗追赶一样冲出去。 会众认真而冷静地听着——但为集会做准备的吸引力太大了，而在礼拜结束时匆忙离开教堂正是埃夫西米奥斯神父不想看到的。）
未完待续
