passage5

注解：标题为红色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。

         Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an Apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place?Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the Apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

         How many men would have considered the possibility of an Apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

         In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method"a substitute for imaginative thought.I' ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said,"the data are still inconclusive.""We know that,"the men from the budget officehave said,"but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?"The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

      What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would Appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls"among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who"work well with the team".

一、文章结构分析

       这是一篇关于科学思维的文章，讲述了科学研究中不可预测性的重要性。

       第一段：给出全文的主题，即科学的进步更依赖于科学家有所准备的头脑。进而用牛顿发现万有引力的例子加以说明。

       第二段：承上启下，先通过分析牛顿发现万有引力定律的原因指出不可预测的重要性。接着引起下文，指出现在科研人员总是忽略不可预测性在科学研究中的地位。

       第三段至第四段：作者使用自己亲身经历的事说明现在科研人员用“科学方法”替代创造性思维，并指出这一趋势的危害和错误。本段主要使用了假设论证。

27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.

[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments

[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted

[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research

[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

27.作者引用牛顿的例子是想证明。

[A]好奇的头脑比科学实验更重要

[B]当进行富有成效的研究时，科学就会进步

[C]科学家很少忘记研究的本质特征

[D]在科学研究中，不可预测性不如预测性重要

28. The author asserts that scientists.

[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method"with imaginative thought

[B] shouldn' tneglect to speculate on unpredictable things

[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

[D] should be confident about their research findings

28.作者认为科学家。

[A]不应该用想像思维代替“科学方法”

[B]不应该忽视对不可预测现象的推测

[C]应该为学术杂志撰写更简明的报告

[D]应该对自己的研究发现有信心

29.It seems that some young scientists.

[A]have a keen interest in prediction

[B]often speculate on the future

[C]think highly of creative thinking

[D]stick to "scientific method"

29.一些年轻的科学家们似乎。

[A]对预测很感兴趣

[B]经常预测未来

[C]崇尚创造性思维

[D]坚持“科学方法”

30.The author implies that the results of scientific research.

[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected

[B]can be measured in dollars and cents

[C]rely on conformity to a standard pattern

[D]are mostly underestimated by management

30.作者暗示科学研究的结果。

[A]可能不像预料的那样有利可图

[B]可以用美元和美分测量

[C]依赖于与标准模式的一致性

[D]大都被商界人士低估了

二、核心词汇与超纲词汇

①advisability 

n.可取性，适当，得当，明智；advisablea.可取的，适当的

②auditor n.

*1.a person who officially examines a companys business financial records in order to check that they are correct审计员，稽核者

2.（大学课程的）旁听生；auditv.查……的帐目，审计，稽查；旁听（大学课程）；词根aud意为to hear“听”，如：audible a.可听见的

③cash register收银机，现金出纳机；registern.名册，登记簿v.记录；登记

④conformity n.[U]behaviour，etc conforming to established rules，customs，etc 符合，依照（法规、习俗等）（的行为等）

例：in conformity to/with和…相适应，和…一致、符合，遵照；conformv.遵守，依照，符合，顺应

⑤cut and dried1.（观念等）单调乏味的，缺乏新意的，呆板的2.已成定局的，不容更改的例：The inquiry is by no means cut and dried.调查之事并未说死。

⑥discriminate vt.&vi.to recognize or make a difference between things 区别，辨别（用~between/sth from sth）

例：discriminate fact from opinion 把事实和看法区分开来

vi.*to treat（one person or group）worse/better than others in an unfair way 歧视/偏祖（某人或某些人）（后跟介词against/in favor of）

例：Society still discriminates in favor of men.社会上仍然厚待男性。

⑦gravity n.[U]

*1.重力，地心引力例：Newton哒s law of gravity牛顿的万有引力定律

2.the extreme importance and worrying seriousness of a situation（局势的）严重性

例：Carl did not seem to understand the gravity of this situation.卡尔似乎不理解这种情况的严重性。

3.an extremely serious way of behaving，speaking etc（指举止、言谈等的）严肃，庄重

例：The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.领事语速缓慢，而且十分严肃。

⑧speculate vt.&vi.*to think or talk about the possible causes or effects of sth without knowing all the facts or details 猜测，推测，思索（后跟介词on/about）

例：We can only speculate about why he did it.我们只能猜测他为什么那样做。

vi.to buy goods，property，shares in a company etc hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them 投机，做投机买卖（后跟介词in/on）

⑨supposedly 

ad.according to what is generally thought or believed but not known for certain据信，据说，按照推测

例：The novel is supposedly based on a true story.据说这部小说是以一个真实的故事为依据的。

supposeda.假定的，推测的；supposev.假设，料想，推测

⑩unpredictable a.不可预测的，不可预知的；un“非，不”，如：undesirable不受欢迎的；pre“提前”；词根dict意为“说”，如：predictv.预言，benediction n.祝福（说好话）

⑩①unquestioned

*1.显而易见的，无可争议的，公认的

例：His courage remains unquestioned.他的勇敢仍然不容置疑。

2.不假思索而认可的，盲目接受的

例：an unquestioned assumption盲目接受的假设；unquestionable a.不成为问题的，毫无疑问的；questionablea.可疑的，有（道德或品行方面）问题的

三、阅读答案：A B D A

四、全文翻译：

       实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。（长难句①）据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”一—月球和行星所存有的疑问。（长难句②)

    多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。 

    在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。（长难句③）我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。

    当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。（佳句）他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。（长难句④）假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。（长难句⑤）审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。（长难句⑥）如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。（长难句⑦）