K400V2S08S3Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. 

Arts

Samuel Johnson / patronage / publishing

尖酸刻薄又很穷的塞缪尔约翰逊

①In 1755, British writer Samuel Johnson published an acerbic letter to Lord Chesterfield rebuking his patron for neglect and declining further support. ②Johnson’s rejection of his patron’s belated assistance has often been identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the end of the culture of patronage. ③However, patronage had been in decline for 50 years, yet would survive, in attenuated form, for another 50. ④Indeed, Johnson was in 1762 awarded a pension by the Crown—a subtle form of sponsorship, tantamount to state patronage. ⑤The importance of Johnson’s letter is not so much historical as emotional it would become a touchstone for all who repudiated patrons and for all who embraced the laws of the marketplace.

1755 年，英国作家塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson）向切斯特菲尔德勋爵（Lord Chesterfield）发表了一封尖刻的信，谴责勋爵忽视并拒绝进一步支持。约翰逊拒绝赞助人迟来的帮助通常被认为是出版史上的一个关键时刻，标志着赞助文化的终结。然而，赞助在过去50年间不断减少，但在 50 年内仍会以减弱的形式存在。事实上，约翰逊在 1762 年获得了王室颁发的养老金——一种微妙的赞助形式，相当于国家赞助。 约翰逊这封信的重要性与其说是历史意义，不如说是情感意义，它将成为所有拒绝赞助人和所有接受市场规律的人的标准。

1. The author of the passage mentions Johnson’s 1762 pension award in order to 

功能题 目的题 中

AB

A. provide a specific example of patronage surviving into the second half of the eighteenth century 符合4句中的subtle form

B. emphasize that patronage still helped support Johnson’s writing after his letter to Chesterfield 符合4句

C. provide evidence for a general trend in the later half of the eighteenth century of private patronage’s being replaced by state sponsorship 没有general trend的证据

2. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted phrase in the context of the passage as a whole?

功能题 目的题 易

高亮句是个反向功能句，取反前一句内容。

C

A. It points out the most obvious implications of Johnson’s letter to his patron. 相反/没有implications的证据

B. It suggests a motivation for Johnson’s rejection of Chesterfield’s patronage. 没有motivation的证据/相反

C. It provides information that qualifies the assertion that Johnson’s letter sharply defined the end of a publishing era. 符合

D. It provides a possible defense for Chesterfield’s alleged neglect of Johnson. 相反/无关

E. It refutes the notion that patrons are found primarily among the nobility. 没有证据/无关

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

重复S01S3Q3-5

Most feminist labor historians believe that the emergence and rapid general adaptation of industrial unionism in the late 1930s was essential for the success of efforts to organize large numbers of women workers into unions. They argue that industrial unionism’s commitment to recruiting unskilled workers and its abandonment of racial and gender exclusiveness was more attractive to women workers (who, according to these scholars, were largely unskilled) than was the earlier exclusionary craft-union model. The successful organization of women garment workers in the 1910s does not undermine this dominant view, since the garment unions welcomed women workers of every skill level, prefiguring the industrial form of unionism. However, the fact that another organization, the very successful Women’s Trade Union League, effectively recruited in other industries using the then-prevalent craft-union approach—setting performance standards for members, offering them advanced training programs, and disciplining members who had substandard job performance—is less easily explained. 

3. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. pointing out similarities and differences between two types women’s unionism

B. presenting evidence related to a belief about the unionization of women workers

C. giving a description of one particular model of unionization and its impact on women workers

D. reconciling two disparate views of the early history of women’s labor unions

E. suggesting the reasons for the success of a particular effort to unionize women workers

4. The author of the passage discusses the Women’s Trade Union League most probably in order to

A. support the point of view presented by feminist labor historians

B. suggest that the dominant view of industrial unionism is not entirely satisfactory

C. provide an example of the success of industrial unionism in organizing women workers before the 1930s

D. explain the connection that feminist labor historians make between industrial unionism and craft-union movement

E. illustrate the gender exclusivity of early attempts to organize women workers

5. The passage suggests that feminist labor historians argue that industrial unionism is an approach that 

A. did not succeed when it was used as the basis for efforts to unionize skilled workers

B. has rarely been considered the single most important factor responsible for the successful organization of large numbers of women workers

C. owed its emergence in the late 1930s and its subsequent spread primarily to the earlier craft unions’ failure to organize women and minority workers

D. has been firmly committed to forcing employers to abandon exclusionary or discriminatory hiring policies

E. tended to open union membership to worker who would probably not have been recruitable by unions adopting the earlier craft-union model

Questions 6 is based on this passage:

Sciences

color / fire trucks / traffic accidents

黄色消防车

The traditional color of fire trucks is red, but in cities that have introduced yellow trucks into their fleets, the rate of traffic accidents per mile driven among these trucks has been far lower than the rate among red trucks. Some critics of the innovation have questioned whether this difference should be attributed to color, given that the yellow trucks were generally newer than the red trucks with which they were compared. But this criticism can be dismissed. Certainly, the mere difference in accident rates is not decisive evidence. The decisive fact is that the rates differed significantly only in the hours around dawn and dusk. At these hours, the visibility of yellow is known to be better than that of red.

消防车的传统颜色是红色，但在已经将黄色卡车引入车队的城市中，这些卡车每英里行驶的交通事故率远低于红色卡车。 对于这项创新举措的批评者质疑这种差异是否应该归因于颜色，因为黄色卡车通常比与之比较的红色卡车更新。 但这种批评可以被驳回。 显然，单纯的事故率差异并不是决定性的证据。决定性的事实是，事故率仅在黎明和黄昏前后的几个小时内有显着差异。 在这些时间，黄色的能见度比红色要好。

6. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles? 

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 中

第一句黑体是没被取反的理由，后一句黑体是个让步。

E

A. The first is a statement of the position the argument as a whole opposes; the second is a statement of the position it defends. 相反

B. The first is a claim that the argument as a whole calls into question; the second denies the rationale presented by some critics of that claim. 相反

C. The first is a claim that the argument as whole calls into question; the second points out an error of reasoning made by defenders of that claim. 相反

D. The first is the position defended in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion drawn to support that position. 后半句不对

E. The first is the position defended in the argument the second concedes a point critics of that position. 符合

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

Sciences/astronomy

life beyond Earth / Europa

地外生命的可能 

The discovery of subsurface life on Earth, surviving independently from surface life, refutes the belief that biological processes require not only liquid water but sunlight as well, thus greatly enhancing the possibility of life beyond Earth. Take Jupiter’s moon Europa. Space probes show a body covered with a thick layer of ice. As Europa orbits its planet, however, it flexes due to the gravitational tug-of-war between it, its sister moons, and Jupiter. Through friction, this flexing produces heat in the moon’s interior capable of melting ice. Indeed, observations suggest liquid water exists beneath Europa’s icy crust. Photosynthetic life is impossible there because sunlight is completely absent, but life such as the microbes that flourish deep within Earth may still be possible.

地球深处生命的发现，推翻了生命必须同时具备阳光和水的观点，同时也给地外生命的存在提供了可能性。比如木卫二——欧罗巴。空间探测器表明，欧罗巴是一个覆盖着厚厚冰层的星体。但是当它围绕木星旋转的时候，会受到来自周围卫星、木星的引力的拉扯而压缩。这种不断的压缩带来的摩擦产生的热量足以融化星体内部的冰。我们也的确在欧罗巴的冰壳之下发现了液态水的存在。虽然那里光合生命不能存在，但是类似地球深处微生物的生命有可能存在。 

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

7. Life on Europa in the form suggested in the passage would be dependent on 

细节题 推断题 易

BC

A. the protection Europa’s icy crust gives against the harmful components of sunlight 没有证据

B. the existence of water on Europa 符合

C. the motion of Europa around Jupiter 符合

8. The highlighted sentence serves to introduce

功能题。目的题。中

句子功能看句间关系。欧罗巴是为上一句的信息举出一个可能出现生命的地外环境。

B

A. an instance that allows a hypothesis to be tested  干扰项。是个例子不错，但是不能验证理论。

B. speculation grounded in empirical discovery  这个speculation是最后一句的观点。

C. a deduction from a newly advanced hypothesis 没有newly advanced的证据

D. a large-scale effect of an apparently insignificant contingency 一个明显不重要的可能事件的大范围影响。没有effect的证据

E. the derivation of a contradiction to refute a claim 反驳一个观点的矛盾的起源。没有derivation的证据 

Questions 9 - 10 are based on this passage:

重复S06S1Q1-2

Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th century, and availability of bog iron at these locations. They cite Erickson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. Two settlements in particular, Telemark and Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. The map shows a lack of settlements where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable distance from any deposit. It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather other resources.

9. The author mentions "other resources" primarily in order to

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Eriksson’s map of Viking settlements

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlement exploited natural resources

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and Bergslagen

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by Eriksson’s map and the view put forth by Bowles et al.

10. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about Trondeheim?

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Viking began to use bog iron.

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron deposits.

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who lived in Telemark and Bergslagen.

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those nearer to bog iron deposits.