English for International Academic Exchanges（8）
English for International Academic Exchanges
Chairing a Meeting
1. Basic requirements for a conference’s chair/presider/moderator
n 1) a well-known scholar or celebrity.
n 2) having strong ability of coordination and organization.
n 3) democratic and impartial, and able to cope flexibly with the changing situations.
n 4)having high language proficiency
2. Chair’s general duties
1) before the meeting
n Make sure all the necessary arrangements are made.
2) during the meeting
n Declare the meeting open;
n State the theme/goals of the meeting;
n State any details of how the meeting is to be run. For example, define time limits;
n Invite and introduce speakers;
n Deal with people who are side-tracking（转变话题 ）or bringing in irrelevant points;
n Ensure that the agreed agenda is followed and that the meeting finishes on time;
n Interrupt and ask those who are running over their allotted time to bring their speeches to a close;
n Organize discussions;
n Enliven atmosphere;
n Keep a balance between diverse views;
n Summarize the discussions or decisions of the meeting;
n Adjourn or close the meeting;
n Announce the date and place of the next meeting.
3. General chairing procedures
n Opening a meeting
ü ① By self-introduction
ü ② By third party’s introduction
ü ③ By direct announcement
ü ④ By creating speech atmosphere
n Introducing a speaker
ü ① By direct introduction
ü ② By Appreciative introduction（赞扬式介绍）
ü ③ By background introduction
ü ④ By transitional introduction（承接式介绍）
n Organizing the discussion
ü Calling on participants
ü Reminding the speakers（提醒发言人）
ü Moderating the disputes（协调分歧）
ü ④ Generalizing main points（归纳要点）
ü Keeping the allocated time（控制时间）
ü Monitoring the discussion（监控讨论）
n Thanking the speaker
n Adjourning（休会，终止） or closing the meeting
delegate n. someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group
forefront n. the leading position in any movement or field
therapeutics n. the part of medical science relating to the treatment and cure of illness疗法、治疗学
stature n. importance and reputation that a person has 名望
outpatient n. a person who goes to a hospital for treatment, but does not stay there
inpatient n. someone who stays in a hospital while they receive treatment
untApped adj. not yet used or exploited 未使用的；未开发的
exponentially adv. in an exponential manner 以指数方式
adjourn v. close at the end of a session 休会
Your Excellencies: greeting to address an ambassador, president. 阁下
call the meeting to order： to open formally 宣布会议正式开始.
serve as: to work as
address us: to speak to us
informative and enlightening: giving us much information and knowledge 富含信息，具有启发性
cater to: satisfy; provide specific or favorable treatment for someone or something 满足
civil engineering 土木工程
The Sims a strategic life-simulation computer game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts(EA) 模拟人生 P138 line8
PC personal computer 个人计算机
credential n. a qualification, achievement, personal quality, or aspect of a person's background 凭证；文凭 P139 line21
tenure n. (esp US) permanent Appointment as a teacher,etc in a university or some other institution（大学或其它机构中教师等的）长期聘用 P139 line23
HCI human-computer interaction 人机交互 P139 line24
ETC Entertainment Technology Center 娱乐科技中心 P139 line29
interactive adj. allowing direct communication between the user and the machine 交互式的；相互作用的 P139 line29
zest n. a feeling of pleasure and enthusiasm 热情；兴趣 P139 line31
Research Paper Writing
• Beginning
ü Title page
ü signature page
ü Abstract in English
ü Abstract in Chinese
ü Table of contents
ü List of tables
ü List of figures
• Body
ü Title page
ü signature page
ü Abstract in English
ü Abstract in Chinese
ü Table of contents
ü List of tables
ü List of figures
• Ending
ü References
ü Appendices
ü Acknowledgements
• Process of writing Introduction:
• 1. Starting with the research background
• 2. Moving toward the existing problem
• 3. Focusing on the present research
Note：the past or present tense, never the future tense
• Components of literature review:
• 1. Conceptual definitions of key terms
• 2. An examination of the research topics in light of the theoretical perspective
• 3. A description of related empirical studies with evaluating comments
• 4. A critical review of research design including instruments related to your study
• 5. A conceptual framework if there is any.
(a list of assumptions that have been established based on your literature review)
• How to write literature review:
• 1. Define key terms conceptually
• 2. Review from the theoretical perspective
• 3. Describe and evaluate relevant empirical studies
• 4. Examine research designs
• 5. Describe the conceptual framework in your study (a list of assumptions that have been established based on your literature review) .
Types of methods
--- qualitative: in liberal arts and social sciences
observation, sound recordings, questionnaires, interviews, etc.
--- quantitative: in science
pre-experimental research, experimental research.
--- descriptive: in liberal arts and social sciences
between the qualitative and quantitative research methods.
case study, group study, survey, development research, etc.
• Components of the Methodology:
• 1. Introduction
• 2. General and specific research questions/hypotheses
• 3. Subjects
• 4. Materials/Instruments
• 5. Design and procedure
• 7. Data-collection
• 8. Data-analysis
• Research question: the question you attempt to answer in your paper; this is the focus of your research and the answer to the question, constitutes the central idea of your paper.
• Hypothesis: your prediction, made sometimes before reading the sources, as to what your research will reveal about the topic; that is, what answers you expect to find for the major questions raised by the topic.
• Components of Results and Discussion:
1. Presenting results
2. Discussing results
3. Evaluations of the significance of a result
• Components of the Conclusion:
1. Major findings
2. Implications
--theoretical implications
--methodological implications
--practical implications
3. Recommendations for future research
Summary
What are the requirements of a good summary?
• 1. Comprehensive.
• 2. Concise.
• 3. Coherent.
• 4. Independent.
What Are the Steps in Writing a Summary?
• 1. Read the passage carefully.
• 2. Reread and underline.
• 3. Write one-sentence summaries
• 4. Write the first draft of your summary
• 5. Check your summary against the original passage
• 6. Revise your summary,
Ways to make a summary brief and clear
• Omitting the details.
• Reducing the examples
• Simplifying the descriptions.
• Eliminating all repetitions.
• Using phrases instead of clauses or sentences.
• Using general words Instead of specific words.
• Using the shortest possible transitions.
• Avoiding figurative language.
• Putting the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
How to shorten your summary
• 1)Change clauses to short phrases
• 2)Change clauses and phrases to single words
