阿里·加贾尼(Ali Gajani)在mrgreek网站分享了12篇著名学者的博士论文，分别是居里夫人的博士论文、香浓的博士论文、纳什的博士论文、德布罗意的博士论文、费曼的博士论文、爱因斯坦的博士论文、马克思的博士论文、韦伯的博士论文、萨特兰的博士论文、金埃里克德雷克斯勒的博士论文、维特根斯坦的博士论文、黎曼的博士论文。这12篇博士论文涵盖物理学、化学、经济学、社会学、哲学、计算机科学和数学等学科。

01 放射性物质研究所（1903）玛丽·居里

In English, this translates to “Research on Radioactive Substances”. Marie Curie’s thesis is perhaps one of the most famous scientific document of the 20th century. The thesis documents her discovery of radioactivity materials such as radium and polonium, for which she was awarded 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, and subsequently formed the core of her future research. She also won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. 

这篇论文记录了她对镭、钋等放射性物质的发现，并因此获得1903年诺贝尔物理学奖，随后成为她未来研究的核心。她在1911年还获得了诺贝尔化学奖。

02 继电器和开关电路的符号分析（1937） 克劳德·香农

Claude Shannon’s thesis is said to be the most significant thesis of the 20th century, because it laid down the foundations of everything that has to do with ‘digital technology’. It is in here where Claude Shannon, at the ripe age of 21, proved how Boolean Algebra could become the building block of computers. The concept of using binary properties of electrical switches is at the core of all digital circuit design. Put it simply, Shannon’s thesis showed how a bunch 0s and 1s could do magic!

克劳德·香农的论文据说是20世纪最有意义的论文，因为它奠定了一切与“数字技术”有关的基础。简而言之，香农的论文展示了一群0和1是如何变魔术的！

03 非合作博弈（1950） 约翰·纳什

John Nash. You must remember him from the movie A Beautiful Mind starring Russell Crowe. Nash’s thesis, titled “Non Cooperative Games” formed the building block for the Nash equilibrium, and his subsequent Nobel Prize in Economics (1994). His 28 page thesis is online and I’ve linked it in. I challenge you to read a few pages of it without getting dizzy. Nash’s handwriting is too messy. Nash still lives. 

纳什的论文名为“非合作博弈”，构成了纳什均衡的基石，他随后获得了诺贝尔经济学奖（1994年）。

04 思河畔雷赫奇斯é量子理论（1924）德布罗意

De Broglie. The name is cool, plus he’s got swag (just look at that pose). De Broglie was one of the great theoretical physicists of the 20th century. His 1924 thesis, “On the Theory of Quanta” laid down the revolutionary idea of wave-particle duality, as applied to electrons. This idea is one of the principle ideas of quantum mechanics. De Broglie’s thesis is 70 pages long, which I believe is a short space to describe such an powerful and majestic concept. This thesis was the reason he won the Nobel Prize in Physics a mere five years later. 

德布罗意是20世纪伟大的理论物理学家之一。他1924年的论文《量子论》提出了波粒二象性的革命性观点，并将其应用于电子。这篇论文是他在仅仅五年后获得诺贝尔物理学奖的原因。

05 量子力学中的最小作用原理（1942）理查德·费曼

Richard Feynman’s 1942 thesis “The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics” laid down the foundation of path integral technique and the famous Feynman diagrams. Feynman diagrams are used by physicists all over the world to pictorially represent the behavior of subatomic particles with mathematical expressions. Although his thesis wasn’t the reason he won a Nobel Prize for Physics, it is very popular in the physics community. After all it’s the work of Master “Feynman”.

论文奠定了路径积分技术的基础和著名的费曼图。费曼图被世界各地的物理学家用来用数学表达式形象地表示亚原子粒子的行为。

06 分子尺寸的新测定（1906）爱因斯坦

How can a history list be complete without the evergreen Albert Einstein? Einstein’s doctoral thesis “A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions” was instrumental in the sense that Einstein ended up with a very accurate value for the Avogadro’s number. The value was in compliance with what he and Planck had found earlier from black-body radiation. Einstein’s thesis laid down the framework for his next breakthrough work on Brownian Motion. Einstein’s doctoral thesis is his most cited work to date. 

爱因斯坦的博士论文“分子尺寸的新测定”是有帮助的，因为爱因斯坦最终得到了一个非常精确的阿伏伽德罗数。爱因斯坦的博士论文是他迄今为止引用最多的著作。

07 德谟克利特与伊壁鸠鲁自然哲学的差异（1841）卡尔·马克思

Karl Marx’s 1841 thesis titled “The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature” is a landmark work. In his thesis, Marx argues the differences Between two schools of thought that originated from Ancient Greek polymaths namely Democritus and Epicurus. It is in here where Marx debates Between “freedom and determinism”. For the philosopher in you, do check the link to his original thesis I’ve added on top.

马克思在他的论文中论证了源于古希腊多元数学的德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁两个学派之间的差异。正是在这里，马克思在“自由与决定论”之间展开了辩论。

08 新教伦理与资本主义精神（1905）马克斯·韦伯

Max Weber is considered to be one of the founders of sociology. Weber is known for his 1905 thesis titled “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of capitalism” in which he combines economic sociology  and the sociology of religion. Weber’s thesis discusses key issues about market-driven capitalism, cultural influences on religion and key concepts of social stratification (when groups are segmented based on their social conditions).

社会学的奠基人之一韦伯将经济社会学和宗教社会学结合起来。韦伯的论文讨论了有关市场驱动的资本主义、文化对宗教的影响以及社会分层的关键概念。

09 草图板：人机图形通信系统（1963）伊万·萨瑟兰

Ivan Sutherland’s 1963 PhD thesis is a landmark paper in computer science and human computer interaction. As part of his thesis, Sutherland created Sketchpad, the world’s first graphical user interface or GUI program. GUI is at the core of digital computing today and how we interact with computers has become more intuitive, because of Ivan’s genius work. His thesis was not only a pioneering work in HCI (Human Computer Interaction) but it also gave birth to OOP (Object Oriented Programming), a new paradigm to creating Better software.

伊万·萨瑟兰1963年的博士论文是计算机科学和人机交互领域的一篇里程碑式的论文。由于伊万的天才工作，我们如何与计算机交互变得更加直观。

10 分子机械与制造及其在计算中的应用（1991） 金埃·里克·德雷克斯勒

Kim Drexler’s 1991 thesis on Molecular Nanotechnology is a pioneering work for a PhD student. Well, he essentially invented the field of molecular nanotechnology with his thesis, which is a really big deal. Kim Drexler’s thesis is so influential that it gave birth to an entirely new concept of mechano-synthesis. It is in here that the idea of “nano-factories” was first proposed. Kim’s thesis has changed the way we look at nanotechnology and perhaps altered the course of how it should be used. Imagine nano robots being manufactured in your body to defeat cancer cells. Marvelous!

金·德雷克斯勒1991年关于分子纳米技术的论文是博士生的开创性工作。金德雷克斯勒的论文是如此有影响力，它诞生了一个全新的概念机械合成。

11 逻辑哲学论著（1921） 维特根斯坦

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractus Logico-Philosophicus (Logical-Philosophical Treatise) 1921 Cambridge thesis is perhaps his more foremost work. The examiners at Cambridge said, “This is far more superior of a work than that is expected by a PhD candidate”. Bertrand Rusell called him “a true genius that he has never seen before”. Ludwig Wittgenstein was one of 20th century’s greatest philosophers and logicians. His masterpiece 78-page thesis “Tractus”, now published as a book was his only published piece ever. “Tractus” discusses all kinds of things that might seem odd at first, but they are thought provoking – for example, things like the limits of science, the relationship Between language and reality. I’ve linked in his thesis and you should read it. It is fun because it is in the order of declarative statements (such as 1, 1.1, 1.1.x and so on) instead of arguments.

维特根斯坦1921年的《逻辑哲学论著》剑桥论文也许是他最重要的著作。剑桥大学的考官们说：“这比博士生所期望的要优越得多。”。

12 基于几何学的假设（1868） 伯恩哈德·黎曼

Bernhard Riemann’s 1868 thesis gave birth to Riemannian geometry. His work was well received and turned into a landmark work in geometry just two years after he died. Riemann was a student of Gauss, the great Swiss mathematician. Riemannian geometry is of critical importance, as it was used by Albert Einstein to explain the concept of relativity. This is because Riemannian geometry introcued geometrical objects called tensors which describe how much bent or curved is a point in space. A century and half later, Riemannian geometry was used by Grigori Perelman to solve one of the hardest problems in mathematics, the Poncaire Conjecture.

在这篇论文中诞生了Riemannian几何，成为几何界里程碑式的作品。黎曼几何是至关重要的，因为它被爱因斯坦用来解释相对论的概念。一个半世纪后，格里戈里·佩雷尔曼（Grigori Perelman）用黎曼几何来解决数学中最难的问题之一，即庞凯尔猜想。

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