Leviathan - 08
To resist the sword of the commonwealth, in defence of保卫...
another man, guilty, or innocent, no man hath liberty; because such
liberty, takes away from the sovereign, the means of protecting us;
If a monarch, or sovereign assembly, grant a liberty to all, or
any of his subjects, which grant standing, he is disabled to provide
for their safety, the grant is void;
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unless he directly renounce宣布放弃, or transfer the sovereignty to another.
===CHAPTER XXII ：OF SYSTEMS SUBJECT, POLITICAL, AND PRIVATE
★assemble resemble ！！
In a body politic, if the representative be one man, whatsoever he
does in the person of the body, which is not warranted担保 in his
letters, nor by the laws, is his own act, and not the act of the
body, nor of any other member thereof besides himself: because
further than his letters, or the laws limit, he representeth no man's
person, but his own.
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But what he does according to these, is the act
of every one: for of the act of the sovereign every one is author,
because he is their representative unlimited; and the act of him
that recedes not from the letters of the sovereign, is the act of
the sovereign, and therefore ★every member of the body is author of it.
===CHAPTER XXIV ：OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREA TJON OF A COMMONWEALTH
★commodity 货物/商品
A man's labour also, is a commodity exchangeable for
benefit, as well as any other thing.
For where there is no commonwealth, there is a perpetual war
of every man against his neighbour; and therefore every thing
is his that getteth it, and keepeth it by force; which is neither
propriety★规矩, nor community; but uncertainty.
Take away the civil law, and no man knows what is his own,
and what another man's.
★ordain命令/任命
★discretion 谨慎
Silver and gold, have their value from the matter
itself; they have first this privilege, that the value of them cannot be
altered by the power of one, nor of a few commonwealths; as being
a common measure of the commodities of all places.
But base money, may easily be enhanced增强/放大(升值), or abased贬低/降低(贬值).
