wiki笔记--Interpeduncular nucleus（抑郁的核心所在）--2021/5/24
特别说明：由于文章内容粘贴缘故，最终结果导致文中一些格式会消失，请不要在意，专注于文字内容即可。文中文字大小为“特大”方式突出的部分是我的笔记标识内容，是我格外喜欢，用于推理的基础，括号内的有色文字内容是当时我思考的纪录，这样方便自己和他人直接找到那些曾经标记的内容。当然也不全限于此，灵感所致，所加内容无所不及，唯独不会更改原文内容。
Interpeduncular nucleus
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Interpeduncular Nucleus
Details
Parts
Apical subnucleus(IPA), Central subnucleus (IPC), Dorsolateral subnucleus (IPDL)x2, Dorsomedial subnucleus (IPDM)x2, Intermediate subnucleus (IPI)x2, Lateral subnculeus (IPL)x2, Rostral subnucleus(IPR)
Identifiers
Latin
Nucleus Interpeduncularis
MeSH
D066268
NeuroNames
522
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1000
TA
A14.1.06.313
FMA
72439
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The Interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) is an unpaired, ovoid cell group at the base of the midbrain tegmentum. It is located in the mesencephalon below the interpeduncular fossa. As the name suggests, the interpeduncular nucleus lies in between the cerebral peduncles.
Contents
· 1Composition
· 1.1Subdivisions
· 2Inputs
· 3Outputs
· 4Function
· 5See also
· 6References
· 7External links
Composition[edit]
The Interpeduncular nucleus is primarily GABAergic and contains at least two neuron clusters of different morphologies [1]. The region is divided into 7 paired and unpaired subnuclei
Subdivisions[edit]
The presence of non-homologous subdivisions of the Interpeduncular nucleus was first noticed by Cajal over a hundred years ago [2]. The currently recognized standard subdivision notation was mostly established by Hammill and Lenn in 1984 by combining the work and notations of four groups [3]. Although most of their proposed convention stuck, at some point the proposed "rostral lateral" sub-nucleus was renamed "dorsomedial" and became immortalized in brain atlases.
· Apical sub-nucleus (IPA)
Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal dorsal", "dorsal", and "pars dorsalis magnocellularis". [3]
· Central sub-nucleus (IPC)
Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "rostral ventral", "caudal central", "posterior inter", and "pars medianus".[3]
· Dorsolateral sub-nucleus (IPDL)
Paired sub-nucleus.
· Dorsomedial sub-nucleus (IPDM)
Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "rostral lateral" and "interstitial".[3]
· Intermediate sub-nucleus (IPI)
Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal intermediate", "posterior inner" and "pars medianus".[3]
· Lateral sub-nucleus (IPL)
Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal lateral", "paramedian" and "pars lateralis".[3]
· Rostral sub-nucleus (IPR)
Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "central" and "pars dorsalis".[3]
Inputs[edit]
The major input to the IPN arrives via the fasciculus retroflex from the medial habenula. This pathway presents the IPN with several excitatory neurotransmitters including ACh and Substance P. Other brain regions that project to the Interpeduncular nucleus include: the Nucleus of diagonal band, the dorsal Tegmentum
(在选择喜欢的前进方向时，人和动物是不动的，选择完后，人才动，这对应着dorsal Tegmentum活动时兴奋VTA，然后按照既定方向行进时就没了进行选择时的快感，转而兴奋交感系统。这样的方向选择也可以是抽象的人生方向选择，抽象的领域选择)
,the Raphe nuclei, the Central grey
(即 periaqueductal gray。应该是exciting part of periaqueductal gray，而不是sedative part of periaqueductal gray，反而当sedative part of periaqueductal gray兴奋时，是通过serotonin来抑制interpeduncular nucleus)
, and the Locus coeruleus
（这里的Raphe nuclei是对Interpeduncular nucleus进行“抑制”的一个途径。）.[4]
Outputs[edit]
The major output pathways are inhibitory and project to the dorsal Tegmental area, the Periaqueductal gray and also the Raphe nuclei
（which raphe???）
. In addition, output is sent to the following: the mediodorsal nucleus of the Thalamus, the lateral Habenula, the Septal nuclei, the anterior Mammillary nuclei, the Nucleus of diagonal band
（这样的环路说明通过 Nucleus of diagonal band对Interpeduncular nucleus的影响是短暂的。）
, the Preoptic area, the Ventral tegmental area
(so many important parts?????????可能Interpeduncular nucleus是人抑郁的核心部件，如果Interpeduncular nucleus活动时间很短暂的话，也是让人瞬间镇定冷静的原因，而且这个过程不是通过大脑皮层进行记忆重复的。而Periaqueductal gray的活动则对Interpeduncular nucleus进行抑制，即处于crazy状态的人很难进入瞬间镇定冷静的自我反思状态。)
, and in some species the dorsal and/or lateral Hypothalamus.[4]
Function[edit]
The Interpeduncular nucleus is thought to have a broad inhibitory effects on many other brain regions
(I agree very much, maybe it is the basic reason for depression，actually, the nuclei that excite Interpeduncular nucleus are the basic reason for depression(in long term)and instant calmness(in short term)).
IPN activity is linked with decreased dopamine release and utilization from dopamine producing regions [5]. The Interpeduncular nucleus is implicated with a role in the regulation of Rapid eye movement sleep
(because the pedunculopontine nucleus is active, which is activated by lateral habenula, which is activated by hypothalamus; medial habenula excite Interpeduncular nucleus.)
[6]. Activation of the GAD2 expressing sub-population of the IPN produced the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal suggesting that the misfunction of this region may be an active component of withdrawal.[7]
趋利避害是一个选择的过程，是瞬间完成的；不停地做有利的事情则是一个持续的过程，是一个重复的过程。
