【简译】古罗马浴场

2022-09-04 12:58 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Roman baths were designed for bathing and relaxing and were a common feature of cities throughout the Roman empire. Baths included a wide diversity of rooms with different temperatures, as well as swimming pools and places to read, relax, and socialise. Roman baths, with their large covered spaces, were important drivers in architectural innovation, notably in the use of domes.

古罗马浴场是为沐浴和放松而建设的，是罗马帝国城市的一个共同特征。浴场包括各种不同温度的房间，以及游泳池和阅读、放松与社交的场所。罗马浴场有很大的覆盖空间，是建筑创新的重要推动力，特别是在穹顶技术的使用方面颇具建树。

罗马文化的中流砥柱

Public baths were a feature of ancient Greek towns but were usually limited to a series of hip-baths. The Romans expanded the idea to incorporate a wide array of facilities and baths became common in even the smaller towns of the Roman world, where they were often located near the forum. In addition to public baths, wealthy citizens often had their own private baths constructed as a part of their villa and baths were even constructed for the legions of the Roman army when on campaign. However, it was in the large cities that these bath complexes (balnea or thermae) took on monumental proportions with vast colonnades and wide-spanning arches and domes. Baths were built using millions of fireproof terracotta bricks and the finished buildings were usually sumptuous affairs with fine mosaic floors, marble-covered walls, and decorative statues.

公共浴场是古希腊城镇的一个特色，但通常仅限于一系列坐浴。罗马人发展了浴场，纳入一系列广泛的设施，甚至在罗马世界的小城镇中，浴场也变得很普遍，它们通常位于论坛附近。除了公共浴场，富裕的公民往往有自己的私人浴室，作为其别墅的一部分；人们甚至还为罗马军队出征时的军团建造浴场。然而，在大城市中，这些浴场（balnea或thermae，Thermae 通常指的是大型皇家浴场，而 balneae 是规模较小的公共或私人设施；小澡堂，称为 balneum（复数 balnea））具有宏伟的规模，有巨大的柱廊和宽大的拱门与穹顶。浴场是用数以百万计的防火陶土砖建造的，完工后的建筑通常是豪华的，有精美的马赛克地板、覆盖着大理石的墙壁和装饰性的雕像。

Generally opening around lunchtime and open until dusk, baths were accessible to all, both rich and poor. In the reign of Diocletian, for example, the entrance fee was a mere two denarii - the smallest denomination of bronze coinage. Sometimes, on occasions such as public holidays, the baths were even free to enter.

浴场一般在午餐前后开放，并一直开放到黄昏，所有人都可以进入，无论贫富。例如，在戴克里先统治时期，公共浴场入场费仅为2第纳尔（最小的青铜币面额）。有时，在公共假期等时间段，浴场甚至可以免费进入。

罗马浴场的典型元素

Typical features (listed in the probable order bathers went through) were:

apodyterium - changing rooms.

palaestrae - exercise rooms.

natatio - open-air swimming pool.

laconica and sudatoria - superheated dry and wet sweating-rooms.

calidarium - hot room, heated and with a hot-water pool and a separate basin on a stand (labrum)

tepidarium - warm room, indirectly heated and with a tepid pool.

frigidarium - cool room, unheated and with a cold bath, often monumental in size and domed, it was the heart of the baths complex.

rooms for massage and other health treatments.

典型的特征（按洗澡者可能经过的顺序排列）：

apodyterium-更衣室。
palaestrae-运动室.
Natation-露天游泳池。
laconica和sudatoria（sudatorium或assa）-干式和湿式汗蒸房。
Calidarium-热水浴，有一个热水池和一个独立的脸盆，放在一个支架上（Labrum）。
tepidarium --温暖的房间，间接加热，有一个温水池。
frigidarium - 冷藏室，不加热，有一个冷水浴，通常有纪念性的大小和圆顶，它是浴场的核心。
用于按摩和其他疗养的房间。

Additional facilities could include cold-water plunge pools, private baths, toilets, libraries, lecture halls, fountains, and outdoor gardens.

其他设施包括冷水浴池、私人浴室、厕所、图书馆、演讲厅、喷泉和室外花园。

供热系统

The first baths seem to have lacked a high degree of planning and were often unsightly assemblages of diverse structures. However, by the 1st century CE the baths became beautifully symmetrical and harmonious structures, often set in gardens and parks. Early baths were heated using natural hot water springs or braziers, but from the 1st century BCE more sophisticated heating systems were used such as under-floor (hypocaust) heating fuelled by wood-burning furnaces (prafurniae). This was not a new idea as Greek baths also employed such a system but, as was typical of the Romans, they took an idea and improved upon it for maximum efficiency. The huge fires from the furnaces sent warm air under the raised floor (suspensurae) which stood on narrow pillars (pilae) of solid stone, hollow cylinders, or polygonal or circular bricks. The floors were paved over with 60 cm square tiles (bipedales) which were then covered in decorative mosaics.

最初的浴场似乎缺乏高度的规划，往往是各种不美观的结构组合。然而，到了公元1世纪，浴场变成了漂亮的对称和谐的结构，通常还设置在花园和公园里。早期的浴场利用天然温泉或火炉进行加热，但从公元前1世纪开始，人们开始使用更复杂的加热系统，如以烧木炉（prafurniae）为燃料的地板下（hypocaust）加热。这并不是一个新的想法，因为希腊的浴场也采用了这样的系统，但罗马人采用了这一想法，并在此基础上进行了改进，以获得最大的效率。熔炉将暖气送到高架地板（suspensurae）下，而地板则矗立在由实心石块、空心圆柱、多边形或圆形砖块组成的狭窄支柱（pilae）上。地板上铺有60厘米见方的瓷砖（bipedales），然后再铺上装饰性的马赛克。

Walls could also provide heating with the insertion of hollow rectangular tubes (tubuli) which carried the hot air provided by the furnaces. In addition, special bricks (tegulae mammatae) had bosses at the corners of one side which trapped hot air and increased insulation against heat loss. The use of glass for windows from the 1st century CE also permitted a better regulation of temperatures and allowed the sun to add its own heat to the room.

墙体也可以通过插入空心矩形管（tubuli）来提供热量，这些管子承载着火炉提供的热空气。此外，特殊的砖块（tegulae mammatae）在一侧的角落里有凸起，可以捕获热空气，增加隔热性能，防止热量流失。从公元1世纪开始，玻璃窗的使用也让浴池能够更好地调节温度，有些房间还可以让太阳为其保暖。

The vast amount of water needed for the larger baths was supplied by purpose-built aqueducts and regulated by huge reservoirs in the baths complex. The reservoir of the Baths of Diocletian in Rome, for example, could hold 20,000 m³ of water. Water was heated in large lead boilers fitted over the furnaces. The water could be added (via lead pipes) to the heated water pools by using a bronze half-cylinder (testudo) connected to the boilers. Once released into the pool the hot water circulated by convection.

大型浴场所需的水由专门建造的水渠供应，并由浴场内的大水库调节。例如，罗马戴克里先浴场的水库可以容纳20,000立方米的水。水被加注在炉子上的大型铅制锅炉中加热。通过使用与锅炉相连的青铜半圆筒（testudo），可以将水（通过铅管）添加到加热的水池中。一旦进入到池子里，热水就会通过对流进行循环。

著名浴场

Some of the more famous and splendid baths include those at Lepcis Magna (completed c. 127 CE) with their well-preserved domes, the Baths of Diocletian in Rome (completed c. 305 CE), the large bath complexes of Timgad at Ephesos, in Bath (2nd century CE), and the Antonine Baths at Carthage (c. 162 CE).

一些比较著名和辉煌的浴场，如大莱普提斯的浴场（约在公元127年完成），其穹顶保存完好；罗马的戴克里先浴场（约在公元305年完成）；在以弗所的提姆加德大浴场（公元2世纪），以及迦太基的安东尼浴场（约公元162年）。

The Baths of Caracalla in the southern area of Rome are perhaps the best preserved of all Roman baths and were second only in size to Trajan's Baths of Rome (c. 110 CE). They were also the most sumptuous and luxurious Roman baths ever built. Completed in c. 235 CE, huge walls and arches still stand and attest to the imposing dimensions of the complex which used some 6.9 million bricks and had 252 interior columns. Reaching a height of up to 30 m and covering an area of 337 x 328 m, they incorporate all the classic elements one would expect, including a one-metre deep Olympic-size swimming pool and an unusual circular caldarium which reached the same height as Rome's Pantheon and spanned 36 m. The caldarium also had large glass windows to take advantage of the sun's heat and further facilities included two libraries, a watermill, and even a waterfall.

位于罗马南部地区的卡拉卡拉浴场可能是所有罗马浴场中保存最完好的，其规模仅次于罗马的特拉扬浴场（约公元110年）。它们也是有史以来最奢华的罗马浴场。卡拉卡拉浴场竣工于公元前235年，巨大的墙壁和拱门至今仍然矗立着，展示了该建筑群曾经的宏伟规模，它使用了大约690万块砖，有252根内柱。浴场高度达30米，面积为337 x 328米，包含了当时人们期望的所有经典元素，包括一个一米深的奥林匹克规格的游泳池和一个不寻常的圆形卡尔德拉，其高度与罗马万神殿相同，跨度为36米。卡尔德拉也有大玻璃窗，以利用太阳的热量，其他设施包括两个图书馆，一个水磨，甚至一个瀑布。

The complex had four entrances and could have accommodated as many as 8,000 daily visitors. 6,300 m³ of marble and granite lined the walls, the ceiling was decorated with glass mosaic which reflected light from the pools in an iridescent effect, there was a pair of 6 m long fountains, and the second floor provided a promenade terrace. Water was supplied by the aqua Nova Antoniniana and aqua Marcia aqueducts and local springs and stored in 18 cisterns. The baths were heated by 50 furnaces which burned ten tons of wood a day. Besides the imposing ruined walls, the site has many rooms which still contain their original marble mosaic flooring and large fragments also survive from the upper floors depicting fish scales and scenes of mythical sea creatures.

该建筑群有四个入口，每天可容纳多达8000名游客。6300立方米的大理石和花岗岩组成墙壁，天花板上装饰着玻璃马赛克，将水池的光线反射出五彩斑斓的效果，还有一对6米长的喷泉，二楼有一个长廊露台。水是由Nova Antoniniana水渠和Marcia水渠以及当地泉水提供的，并储存在18个蓄水池中。浴场由50个炉子加热，每天燃烧10吨木材。除了宏伟的废墟墙体，该遗址还有许多房间仍然保留着原来的大理石马赛克地板，上层楼的大块碎片上还描绘着鱼鳞和神话中的海洋生物的场景。

对建筑学的影响

Baths and the need to create large airy rooms with lofty ceilings brought the development of the architectural dome. The earliest surviving dome in Roman architecture is from the frigidarium of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii, which dates to the 2nd century BCE. The development of concrete in the form of stiff mortared rubble allowed unsupported walls to be built ever wider apart, as did hollow brick barrel vaults supported by buttress arches and the use of iron tie bars. These features would become widely used in other public buildings and especially in large constructions such as basilicae. Even in modern times Roman baths have continued to influence designers, for example, both the Chicago Railroad Station and the Pennsylvania Station in New York have perfectly copied the architecture of the great frigidarium of the Baths of Caracalla.

浴场和创造具有高耸天花板的大型通风房间的需要促进了建筑穹顶的发展。罗马建筑中现存最早的穹顶是来自庞贝的斯塔比安浴场的冷水浴池，它可以追溯到公元前2世纪。混凝土的发展使得无支撑的墙体可以越建越宽，空心砖桶形拱顶由拱门支撑，并使用铁拉杆。这些特点在其他公共建筑中得到了广泛的应用，尤其是在大教堂等大型建筑中。即使在现代，罗马浴场的设计也继续影响着设计师，例如，芝加哥火车站和纽约的宾夕法尼亚火车站都完美地复制了卡拉卡拉浴场冷水浴池的设计。