应对极端热浪的三部分计划

最致命的恶劣天气现象是您可能没有意识到的：极端高温。希腊雅典市首席热力官 Eleni Myrivili 解释说，极端高温和热浪经常被忽视，因为它们不像洪水或飓风那样剧烈——并分解了三种在快速时期保持城市凉爽的方法全球气温上升。“启动空调并不会切断它，”她说。

So in my city of Athens, Greece, like in many cities around the world, a lot of people thought that climate change is something happening far away. Until ash started falling from the sky and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius in the summer of 2021,and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days. The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city and people died.

所以在我所在的希腊雅典市， 就像在世界上许多城市 一样，很多人认为气候变化 是在遥远的地方发生的事情。 直到2021 年夏天灰烬开始从天上掉下来 ，气温接近 45 摄氏度， 他们连续几天保持在 40 度以上。沥青咝咝作响，巨大的野火烧毁了城市周围的森林，人们死亡。

The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history. Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades, we haven't been talking about extreme heat, especially in urban environments.

过去十年是我们历史上有史以来最热的十年。 矛盾的是，尽管几十年来我们一直在谈论全球变暖， 但我们并没有谈论过极端高温， 尤其是在城市环境中。

Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.Very few of us know this. We overlook extreme heat because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying and streets turned into rivers. Heat destroys quietly. Yet there is little escape from heat. These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to. These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for. The structures of our citiesand the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.And this is a deadly mix. This is what we call the urban heat island.

极端高温是所有极端天气现象中最致命的。 我们中很少有人知道这一点。 我们忽略了极端高温 ，因为高温不会伴随着屋顶飞扬和街道变成河流的戏剧。 热量悄悄地破坏。 然而，几乎没有人能从高温中逃脱。 这些是我们的身体无法适应且无法适应的温度。 这些是我们的城市和我们的基础设施不适合的温度。 我们城市的结构 和表面吸收热量、储存热量并在夜间辐射热量。 汽车和空调为城市环境增添了更多色彩。 这是一个致命的组合。 这就是我们所说的城市热岛。

The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long,and it includes significant mental problems, mental health problems. It also, heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep, which in turn increases workplace injuries as well as significant losses of productivity. Heat waves also, we know, that they increase violence in communities, we have correlated it to increased violence in communities, and also they lower the ability of children to learn. And in the cities, not everybody, of course, is affected equally. The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable as well as people with pre-existing conditions, people above 60 years old, pregnant women, young children and people that have manual labor jobs. Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops, reducing yields,inhibiting pollination, and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak or farming in the night, harvesting in the night. It's just getting too darn hot. The great infrastructures that we have built with ingenuity and effort during the last two centuries, the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways,they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

热量和热浪对健康的影响清单很长， 其中包括严重的心理问题和 心理健康问题。 此外， 热量会导致疲劳和睡眠不足， 进而增加工作场所的伤害 以及生产力的显着损失。 我们知道，热浪还会 增加社区中的暴力， 我们将其与社区中暴力的增加联系起来， 而且还会降低儿童的学习能力。 当然，在城市中， 并不是每个人都受到同样的影响。 穷人，尤其是能源匮乏和住房匮乏的 人以及有原有疾病的人，是最脆弱的， 60岁以上、 孕妇、幼儿 及从事体力劳动者。 另外，我们知道，高温一直在烘烤农民的庄稼，降低产量， 抑制授粉， 越来越多的农场工人在天亮之前上班 或晚上种地，晚上收割。 简直太热了。 我们在过去两个世纪中以独创性和努力建造的伟大基础设施， 水坝、水道、高速公路、铁路，它们经过精心设计，以适应不再存在的气候。

What can we do? I will talk about cities because that's my territory. As chief health officer of Athens, I think of all possible efforts in three general categories. Awareness, preparedness and redesign. Awareness means that we recognize the threat.It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates, to take heat exposure seriously. So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center, we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer, four cities in the US and Athens, we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes. So consider this.When there is a category 4 hurricane, you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house, nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.However, we don't have such considerations or policies in relation to a category 4 heat wave because there is no category 4 heat waves. We don’t have metrics, and we don’t have categories. And I think that this will be a real game changer. So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

我们能做什么？ 我会谈论城市，因为那是我的领地。 作为雅典的首席卫生官， 我认为所有可能的努力分为三类。 意识、 准备和重新设计。 意识意味着我们认识到威胁。 有时很难说服人们 认真对待热暴露，尤其是在炎热的气候中。 所以今年， 我们将与 Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center 一起，在今年夏天首次 在美国和雅典的四个城市试行一种新的 热浪命名和分类方法，例如我们做飓风。 所以考虑一下。 当有 4 级飓风时， 您不会期望披萨送货员将披萨送到您家， 也不会期望人们继续在建筑工地工作。 但是，我们没有 关于 4 类热浪的此类考虑或政策， 因为没有 4 类热浪。 我们没有指标，也没有类别。 我认为这将是一个真正的游戏规则改变者。 所以这只是一件事，但我认为这很重要。

So awareness leads to preparedness, and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable. And there's a whole slew of actions that cities are doing all around the world, short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves. For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app that gives you personalized and real-time risk assessment and gives you, on a map, risk assessments in relation to heat, and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover, where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces. New York has created this great buddy system where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood. They also gave, I think a couple of years ago,74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors. Sydney does this great thing, which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector to residential districts to avoid blackouts during heat waves.

因此，意识导致准备， 准备意味着你已经准备好 ，基本上，当事件发生时，保护最脆弱的人。 世界各地的城市都在采取一系列短期行动，在热浪中保护人们。例如，在雅典，我们创建了一个智能手机应用程序，它可以为您提供个性化的实时风险评估，并在地图上为您提供与高温相关的风险评估，并在地图上为您提供您可以去那里寻求掩护的地方，哪里是凉爽的空间，最近的凉爽空间。纽约创造了这个伟大的伙伴系统 附近的人们在热浪期间不断检查附近 的弱势群体。 我想几年前，他们还 为低收入老年人提供了 74,000 台空调。 悉尼做了一件很棒的事情， 那就是他们将能源从工业部门转移 到住宅区，以避免 在热浪期间停电。

So these are some short-term things that we can do and we've been doing. But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities to make our cities cooler and thinking beyond air conditioning. So before we started designing our buildings and our cities and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels, architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom for design solutions and materials that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions. So thick walls with tiny openings or well-placed windows high up in the building that kind of move air from the bottom up and out or outside shutters. Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring to reflect the hot summer heat, the heat of the hot summers.

所以这些是我们可以做的一些短期的事情， 我们一直在做。 但手头的真正任务是重新设计我们的城市 ，让我们的城市更凉爽 ，并超越空调。 因此，在我们开始设计我们的建筑和城市 并使用化石燃料对其进行冷却和加热之前， 建筑已经融入了数百年的 设计解决方案和 针对当地气候条件进行微调的材料的智慧。 如此厚的墙壁带有微小的开口 或建筑物高处放置良好的窗户 ，可以将空气从底部向上移动 到百叶窗外或外部。 带喷泉的阴凉青翠的内部庭院 或每年春天粉刷成白色的外墙， 以反映炎热的夏季炎热， 炎热夏季的炎热。

So compare these to our concrete, steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned and that have sealed windows that basically make our cities into heat traps compounding instead of solving the problem. So, what we really need to do is we need to radically rethink and redesign our urban environments away from the logic of modernity, away from the logic of carbon modernity.

因此，将这些与我们的混凝土、 钢和玻璃建筑进行比较，这些建筑有空调 ，有密封的窗户 ，基本上使我们的城市变成了热阱 ，复合而不是解决问题。 所以，我们真正需要做 的是，我们需要从根本上重新思考和重新设计 我们的城市环境 ，远离现代性的逻辑， 远离碳现代性的逻辑。

Carbon is there from the get go, from the materials that we use for the types of construction, from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them, the way we eat, the way we consume,the way we move around in our urban environments. So we need to redesign our cities beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions. We need an urban design revolution, a total paradigm shift that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore, but landscape architects that know more about thermodynamics and soil and the importance of soils for biodiversity and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift, a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity that actually is a different metabolic animal. Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

碳从一开始就存在， 从我们用于建筑类型的材料， 从我们使用建筑物的方式，我们加热和冷却它们， 我们的饮食方式，我们消费 的方式，我们移动的方式我们的城市环境。 因此，我们需要重新设计我们的城市 ，超越能源效率和减少碳排放。 我们需要一场城市设计革命， 一场彻底的范式转变 ，可能不再需要由建筑师来领导， 而是 需要更多地了解热力学和土壤 以及土壤对生物多样性的重要性 以及所有这些能够真正带来真正范式转变， 设计革命，新型城市化 那实际上是一种不同的代谢动物。 我们未来的城市将是不同的代谢系统。

And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like, but I think it’s going to be great, and it’s just the beginning. But what we do know is that we really, really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions at urban scale. There are materials and technologies that are currently being developed that will help, but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric. And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage, of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities so that we can bring down the heat.

我们还不知道这会是什么样子， 但我认为它会很棒，而这仅仅是个开始。 但我们所知道的是，我们真的 非常迫切需要 在城市范围内建立对当前气候条件的适应能力。 目前正在开发的材料 和技术会有所帮助， 但最重要的是，降低城市热量的首要和最重要的事情 是将自然带入城市结构。 这意味着 我们城市表面的树木、树木覆盖率、生物多样性和水的数量急剧增加， 这样我们就可以降低热量。

So this is the time, this is the decade, and this means that cities have to really think the interconnections and interdependenciesbetween different urban systems, and they have to think of resources very carefully and build backup systems and redundancies, flexibility and diversity. And think about sustainability and equity, because this is how we build resilience in our cities. And cities are already doing it and they’re changing.And we're very much learning from each other because for the first time, the last few decades, cities belong in powerful urban networks so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other. Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

所以现在是时候，这是十年， 这意味着城市必须真正考虑 不同城市系统之间的相互联系和相互依赖， 他们必须非常仔细地考虑资源，建立备用系统和冗余、灵活性和多样性。并考虑可持续性和公平性，因为这是我们在城市中建立复原力的方式。城市已经在这样做并且正在发生变化。我们互相学习非常多，因为在过去的几十年里，城市第一次属于强大的城市网络，所以我们可以互相交谈，互相学习。 Resilient Cities Network 和 C40 等网络确实在为城市提供支持。

And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examplesof what cities have done, and of course, I'm going to start from Athens. So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct, a brilliant, ancient masterpiece of design and engineering that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible, and still today moves enormous amounts of water from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens. The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation, you don't need to do anything to it. And for decades now, we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea. So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument, is going to be used to build resilience and lower heatby supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

我将通过举几个 城市所做的例子来结束你们 ，当然，我将从雅典开始。 所以在雅典，我们有这个令人难以置信的罗马渡槽， 它是一个辉煌的、古老 的设计和工程杰作， 它在地下 20 公里处延伸，完全看不见， 今天仍然将大量的水 从雅典城外的山上输送到雅典市中心。 水也很棒，非常适合灌溉， 你不需要对它做任何事情。 几十年来， 我们一直只是把它扔到污水里，然后再扔到海里。 所以现在这座城市渡槽，这座古老的纪念碑， 将用于 通过支持现代城市雅典的城市自然来建立弹性和降低热量。

Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia. Medellín, they created 36 green corridors, a dense network of trees and flower beds that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city, and it does a lot of other things, ecosystemic services, like captures pollution and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

另一个很好的例子是哥伦比亚的麦德林。 麦德林，他们创造了 36 条绿色走廊， 密集的树木和花坛网络， 使城市的温度降低了 4 摄氏度， 它还做了很多其他的事情， 生态系统服务，比如捕捉污染 和噪音污染以及水土流失. 所以所有这些东西都有非常重要的生态系统服务。

You probably know, Seoul in South Korea, they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long and it had four lanes on top expressway, to restore a stream underneath and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long, a continuous space for wildlife and people to walk and bicycle, that not only lowers temperatures, they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius, that it lowers temperatures in that area, But also it protects the city from flooding. And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day, has created a lot of jobs and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

你可能知道，在韩国首尔， 他们拆除了一条长十车道的高速公路， 它在顶部高速公路上有四车道， 以恢复下面的一条溪流 ，[他们]创造了这条长3.6英里的蓝色走廊和绿色走廊， 一个连续的野生动物 和人们步行和骑自行车的空间， 这不仅降低了温度， 他们测量到它上升到 5.9 摄氏度， 它降低了该地区的温度， 而且它还保护城市免受洪水侵袭。 当然，它每天吸引成千上万的游客， 创造了大量的就业机会 ，并且比首尔的任何其他地方都更能支持商业发展。

Paris is using the water of the Seine to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

巴黎正在使用塞纳河的水为河边 的建筑物提供免费冷却。

And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia because they have created an incredible strategy that's called Nature in the City Strategy, where they've analyzed and think how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem from the soil and the fungi underneath to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects and the frogs and put into place all these actions that will ensure that the urban environment, that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

最后，我将在澳大利亚墨尔本结束， 因为他们制定了一个令人难以置信的战略 ，称为城市战略中的自然， 他们分析并思考 如何将 土壤和真菌的生态系统的所有层面结合在一起在 植物、动物、鸟类、昆虫 和青蛙 之下，并采取所有这些行动 ，以确保 他们的孩子长大的城市环境将更加丰富和健康。

So, what keeps me really excited about this work, working to help cities cool down and work against climate change, is also that I feel that I'm really helping create much more wonderful cities to live in. So just think about this, cranking up the air conditioning is just not going to cut it.

所以，让我对这项工作真正感到兴奋的是， 努力帮助城市降温 并应对气候变化， 我也觉得我真的在帮助 创造更多美好的城市生活。 所以想想这个， 启动开空调 只是不打算切断它。