K400V2S02S2Q01-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

paranormal phenomena

Sciences

无法科学研究的超自然现象★★

①The hypothesis that paranormal phenomena are real but lie outside the limits of science is supported by considerable evidence. ②The Society for Psychic Research has collected stories of ordinary people apparently demonstrating paranormal abilities. ③Entirely anecdotal, this evidence has nothing to do with science, since it cannot be reproduced under controlled conditions.  ④But the society took greater trouble to interview first-hand witnesses and to document the stories carefully.  ⑤One fact that emerges clearly from the stories is that paranormal events occur, if they occur at all, only when people are experiencing strong emotion.  ⑥This would immediately explain why paranormal phenomena are not observable under the conditions of a well-controlled scientific experiment. ⑦Strong emotion is inherently incompatible with controlled scientific procedures. 

生词摘录：

paranormal 超正常的

很多证据表明超自然现象是真实存在而且超出科学范畴之外的。心理研究学会收集了很多常人展示超自然能力的故事。这些奇闻轶事跟科学毫不沾边，因为在受控条件下无法重现。但是协会花费大量努力去采访目击者并且详细记录这些现象。这些现象中都有一个明显的事实，就是超自然现象只会在强烈情感出现的时候发生。这可能也直接解释了为什么可控的实验状态下无法观测到超自然现象。强烈的情感和受控的科学流程本身就是互斥的。

1. Which of the following best describes the role played in the passage by the highlighted sentence? 

句子功能题，考句间关系。这一句顺承上一句给出解释。

C

A. It states the main conclusion of the author’s argument. 既然是服务上一句，这一句就不会是最终结论。

B. It provides a basis for a recommended course of action. 没有action的证据

C. It articulates a principle that supports the claim made in the preceding sentence. 

D. It is intended to undermine the credibility of apparent evidence that the author has mentioned earlier in the passage. 这句是个正向句，不是反向功能。

E. It serves to emphasize a limitation of the evidence collected by the society for Psychical Research. 没有evidence limitation的证据。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following descriptions of the evidence collected by the Society for Psychical Research? 

间接细节题+态度

ABC

A. Carefully recorded 对应第四句

B. Unscientific 对应第三句

C. Credible 对应第一句。这个选项一般会漏选。作者其实并没有否定超自然现象的真实性，只是说实验条件下无法观测，因此没有科学性。

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage.

female political involvement / patrician women 

Arts/history

贵族女性其实也没有认为的那么有政治权力★★★☆

批量审题：

3. The author suggests which of the following about the “expansion of the electorate to include women” in eighteenth-century Britain? 

4. According to the passage, the approach taken by contemporary historians to the issue of the political role of eighteenth-century women differs from that taken by earlier historians in that contemporary historians  

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about political acts performed by eighteenth-century women? 

①Eighteenth-century women played a significant part in British political life. ②Up and down the social scale they performed a variety of political acts, everything from purchasing political artifacts such as plates, handkerchiefs, and fans to penning political pamphlets, starving in civic processions, sponsoring boycotts, arguing over public issues in their own debating societies, rioting, and uttering seditious words.  ③Whereas historians used to see female political involvement in this century as isolated or aberrant, they now stress the continuity and normalcy of such activity, especially for aristocratic women.  ④Given the familial nature of aristocratic politics, noble woman were actually expected to act as political advisors and agents for their husbands, to canvass in elections, to serve as political hostesses, to seek and dispense political patronage.  ⑤They did so routinely long before the eighteenth and deep into the nineteenth century.  ⑥Patrician women had such far reaching political influence, it has been argued recently, that they actually stood to lose by expansion of the electorate to include women.  ⑦Fruitful as this new historiography has been, however, it has also been criticized for its focus on the machinations of high politics and its inattention to ideology.  ⑧Given the widespread hostility to “public” women in the eighteenth century, was female political activity quite so unproblematic as these new studies tend to assume? ⑨Anna Clark has pointed out that celebration of elite politicizing neglects both the condition of ordinary women and the nitpicking contemporary attacks on just this sort of upper-class influence peddling. 

生词摘录：

pen: write of compose 撰写

riot 聚众骚乱；宣泄

seditious 煽动性的

18世纪的女性在英国的政治生活中扮演了重要的角色。在不同社会水平上，女性都参与到丰富的政治活动中来，小到购买政治运动小物件，大到撰写政治传单，绝食游行，支持抵制运动，在她们自己的圈子里讨论政治话题，引发骚乱，并且散布煽动性言论。虽然历史学家曾经认为女性在这个世纪里的政治参与是孤立或反常的，现在他们开始重视政治活动的连续性和常态化，特别是贵族女性的政治活动更是如此。考虑到贵族政治的家族性，贵族女性常作为她们丈夫的顾问和代理人，在选举中给拉票，主持政治活动，搜寻并分配政治资助。这种情况早在18世纪以前且深入到19世纪都非常常见。 最近有人认为，如果让女性也有投票权的话，贵族女性将不再拥有过去深远的政治影响。这种史学观点确有成果，然而它也因关注政治中的阴谋诡计却忽略意识形态而受到批判。考虑到18世纪对于公众女性的广泛敌意，这些新研究中认为的女性政治活动真的没有问题吗？AC指出，认为精英参政的观点不仅忽略了平常女性的状况，也忽视了当时社会对于这种上层女性干政行为吹毛求疵的攻击。

①② 事实，女性重要

③ Whereas H早v1 (iso. & ab), 

     H现v2(cont. & nom, esp. 贵) 对应第4题

④ 顺承观点，∈v2

⑤ 顺承事实f2∈v2

⑥ 顺承观点，∈v2 对应第3题

stand to do something: 

To have a high likelihood of doing something or having something happen, especially to gain or lose something.

⑦ 转折观点，×v2

⑧ 顺承观点， ×v2

⑨ 顺承，AC的观点: ×v2

句间关系图：

①

↓

②

↓

③

↓

④

↓

⑤ 

↓

⑥ ↔ ⑦ 

          ↓

         ⑧

          ↓

         ⑨

3. The author suggests which of the following about the “expansion of the electorate to include women” in eighteenth-century Britain? 

间接细节题

原文信息对应在第六句话： 最近有人认为，如果让女性也有投票权的话，贵族女性将不再拥有过去深远的政治影响。

B

A. It might have reduced women’s incentive to engage in such political activities as boycotts and riots. 没有incentive的证据

B. It might have reduced the political power of some people who had exerted great influence. 

C. It would have been unlikely to overturn the aristocracy’s political control of the country. 没有overturn的证据。

D. It would likely have extended the vote only to aristocratic women. 与原文描述相反。

E. It was not an issue addressed by men who were engaged in politics. 没有证据。不要扯男性。

4. According to the passage, the approach taken by contemporary historians to the issue of the political role of eighteenth-century women differs from that taken by earlier historians in that contemporary historians  

直接细节题

对应第三句中的对比：虽然历史学家曾经认为女性在这个世纪里的政治参与是孤立或反常的，现在他们开始重视政治活动的连续性和常态化，特别是贵族女性的政治活动更是如此。

A

A. see women’s involvement in eighteenth-century politics as commonplace 符合。commonplace即原文中的continuity和normalcy

B. argue that eighteenth-century women had considerable political autonomy 没有autonomy的证据。或者说相反，她们还是需要依附于丈夫。

C. note the singular political achievements of a few aristocratic women in the eighteenth century 注意到了18世纪少数贵族女性的非凡政治成就。干扰选项。干扰来自于第4句，但是第一，其实没有singular achievement的证据；第二，第四句是顺承前文的解释，题干问的对比仍然在第3句。

D. view the political situation of eighteenth-century women as significantly different from that of nineteenth-century women 与⑤句信息相反。也是无关。

E. stress the political opportunities that were available for non-aristocratic eighteenth-century women 对应第六句，与题干出处无关。

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about political acts performed by eighteenth-century women? 

态度题。问作者如何看待18世纪的女性政治活动。通过最后两句可知，作者并不认为有很大可能性。

E

A. They had little influence on the outcome of elections. 没有证据。甚至可能与④相反

B. They were aimed largely at the expansion of the electorate. 没有largely的证据

C. They probably were discouraged by men with political aspirations. 没有证据

D. They represented a new development in British society. 没有证据

E. They were sometimes perceived as being negative. 符合

【补充】

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? （390 passage 56）

A. It reinterprets an explanation originated by historians who contributed to the “new historiography” 

B. It questions the accuracy of evidence presented in the service of the “new historiography” 

C. It identifies issues that have been overlooked by the “new historiography” 

D. It highlights claims of the “new historiography” that have been neglected 

E. It defends the” new historiography” against an unwarranted criticism 

句子功能题

关注句间关系和逻辑层次。根据文章可以知道，作者用这句话来支持自己观点，因为它出现在反问句之后，说明它可以回答作者所说的其实女性政治活动是有问题的，而这些问题被new historiography所忽视。

C

A. It reinterprets an explanation originated by historians who contributed to the “new historiography” 它重新解读了一个解释，这个解释源自于那些提出了“新史学”的历史学家。 RE，阵营错

B. It questions the accuracy of evidence presented in the service of the “new historiography” 它质疑了为“新史学”所呈现的证据的准确性。没有evidence的证据，同时句子功能方向错。这是个支持句，不是反驳句。

C. It identifies issues that have been overlooked by the “new historiography” 它辨认除了许多被“新史学”所忽视的问题。符合。

D. It highlights claims of the “new historiography” that have been neglected 它强调了已经被忽视的“新史学”主张。

相反，注意that的定语从句修饰

注意这句话不是“强调新史学观忽视的内容”，而是“强调了（被忽视的）新史学观的观点”

前者是反驳，后者是支持

C和D很像，挖坑就在这里。

E. It defends the” new historiography” against an unwarranted criticism 它针对不合理的批判为“新史学”辩解。相反。

Question 6 is based on this passage. 

organ transplant / immune system / negative reaction

Sciences

药物提高器官移植成功率★★★☆

The long-term success of organ transplants that do not provoke a negative reaction from the immune system within six months of being transplanted is higher than that of transplants that do provoke an early negative reaction. Using new drugs to suppress immune responses, it is possible to decrease the proportion of transplant recipients who experience early negative reactions. Therefore, the use of such drugs should increase the long-term success rate of organ transplants. 

6个月内没有受到免疫系统排异反应的长期成功器官移植比早期就产生排异反应的情况要多。用药物抑制免疫系统可以降低早期排异反应几率。因此，这种药物的使用可以提高器官移植的长期成功率。

6. The argument given is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms? 

逻辑削弱

六个月内不排异 比 早期就排异 多。

事实=现象=原因=用药可以降低早期排异反应

观点=结论=结果=用药可以提高六个月移植成功率

出现比较明显的逻辑漏洞。

X比Y多，Z可以减少Y，所以认为Z可以增加X。这个怎么看都不合理。

早期排异反应几率下降不代表可以六个月后长期成功。这都是两件事。

C

A. It confuses changing the proportion of people who experience a certain reaction with changing the number of people who experience that reaction. 混淆比率和数量。漏洞不在这里。

B. It treats evidence about one group of people as though it justified a conclusion about another unrelated group of people. 用一个人群去类比另一个人群。不对，原文论证是同一个人群。

C. It proceeds as if establishing a correlation between two phenomena is sufficient to establish a causal relationship between those phenomena. 选项意思是：相关性就足以表明因果关系。但是相关不一定因果。符合。早期排异风险降低，不代表六个月后的长期成功。

D. It assumes without warrant that since a strategy has proven successful over short periods that strategy will be equally successful over the long term.干扰选项。文章不是在讨论一种药品的短期效果和长期效果，而是一件事会不会影响另一件事。

E. It assumes without warrant that one way of decreasing the number of individuals who experience a certain reaction is the only way of decreasing the number who experience that reaction. 这个选项相对好排除。only way原文中并无此意。

Questions 7 to 8 are based on this passage.

Sciences/environmental science

snow algae / albedo 

雪藻导致冰面反射率降低★★

①Snow algae, the most prolific and colorful microbial species colonizing snow and ice surfaces, have been studied in many polar and alpine settings. ②As part of their life cycle and as a mechanism of protection from high irradiation, snow algal species produce red pigment (carotenoids).  ③Through this protective reaction, algal blooms color snow and ice surfaces and cause a darkening of glacial surfaces, which in turns leads to a decrease in surface albedo (a measure of the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface). ④Such a decrease of albedo may speed up melting processes and is of special interest in Iceland, where glaciers are retreating fast and where albedo is also affected by the presence of volcanic dust and ash on snow and ice surfaces.  

生词摘录：

carotenoid /kəˈrɑːtnˌɔɪd/类胡萝卜素

雪藻是雪地和冰面上最丰富多彩的微生物。科学家们在许多极地和高山环境中对其展开研究。 雪藻会产生红色素保护自己免受高辐射的影响。通过这个保护机制，雪藻爆发会使雪地和冰面颜色变深，从而又导致地表反射率下降。 而反射率下降又会加速融化过程，而这在冰岛得到额外关注。因为冰岛的冰川正在迅速缩小，同时那里的反射率也因为覆盖在冰雪表面的火山灰而受到影响。

7. It can be inferred that the presence of volcanic dust and ash on snow surfaces in Iceland is likely to 

间接细节题

D

A. offset any decrease in albedo caused by snow algae 相反。火山灰也会降低反射率

B. slow the growth of snow algal species in the affected area 没有影响藻类生长的证据

C. lead to changes in the life cycle of local snow algal species 没有life cycle change的证据

D. have an effect on glacial melting similar to that of snow algae 符合

E. increase the number of microbial species colonizing Iceland’s snow surfaces 没有证据

8. According to the passage, snow algal species produce red pigments for which of the following reasons?  

直接细节题

C

A. As an atypical adaptation in response to climate change 没有climate change的证据

B. As a mechanism of protection from extreme temperature 没有extreme temperature的证据

C. As a normal phase of development in snow and ice habitats 符合

Questions 9 to 10 are based on this passage.

Arts / music

jazz / African American / racial stratification

爵士乐“色盲”并不能说明种族隔阂不存在★★★☆

①The fact that certain musical qualities were shared by African American and White jazz musicians in the mid-1950s was sometimes explained by claiming that jazz was “color-blind.” ②Yet a look at how the discourse of colorblindness was deployed in 1950s jazz periodicals helps explain why many African American jazz musicians began to emphasize differences, rather than similarities, between the aesthetic styles of Black and White musicians.  ③The discourse of “color blindness” tended to exaggerate the permeability of racial boundaries by failing to address the power relationships involved in a social climate with evasiveness on the meaning of jazz.  ④While the expression of color-blind sentiments was not necessarily disingenuous, structural racial stratification remained powerful beyond the bandstand. 

生词摘录：

evasiveness 逃避，推诿；模棱两可

sentiment 观点，看法；情绪

disingenuous 虚伪的，不诚实的

bandstand 露天音乐台 

obliviousness 健忘

20世纪50年代中期，美国黑人和白人的爵士乐有些特点是一样的。这种情况通常被解释为爵士乐是“色盲”。但是那个时期的爵士乐期刊里关于色盲的讨论解释了为什么黑人爵士音乐家开始强调黑人音乐家和白人音乐家之间艺术风格的差异，而非相同。这些关于色盲的讨论没有解决在一个对爵士乐的定义模棱两可的社会氛围下的强关系，从而夸大了种族边界的可渗透性。虽然色盲的观点不一定虚伪，舞台之外的种族结构性分层依然严重。

9. The passage suggests that some authors writing in 1950s jazz periodicals 

间接细节题。问的是在期刊中发表文章的作者。定位1950s，直接对应定位信息中的colorblindness.

问的是在期刊中发表文章的作者。整篇文章在讨论黑人白人的爵士音乐的相同到底是来因为音乐本身没有边界（色盲），还是因为种族之间没有隔阂（racial boundaries）。通过最后一句可以知道，尽管有些人真的认为是音乐本身，也没有讲假话，但是种族隔阂还是真实存在的。

C

A. promoted a view of jazz that would remain influential well beyond the 1950s 没有influential和beyond 1950s的证据

B. failed to grasp the full extent of the similarities between Black and White jazz musicians 干扰项。无关。关注这些不同的也是后面的那些音乐家，而不是这些作者。

C. were sincere in their belief that race played no role in shaping the aesthetic aspects of jazz 符合解析

D. criticized the general public’s obliviousness to the reality of racial boundaries within jazz 没有criticized和obliviousness的证据

E. claimed that the difference between Black and White musicians had been underestimated 没有musician不同的证据

10. The author mentions “power relationships” primarily to  

信息目的题，正式因为这个强关系没解决，所以色盲的观点夸大了种族边界渗透性，就是认为种族并不影响。

B

A. help summarize an argument that the author wishes to refute 总结一个作者想要反驳的观点。没有refute的证据

B. account for the inadequacy of a particular idea about jazz 解释了一个关于爵士乐观点的不足。符合解析

C. demonstrate a link between social and aesthetic factors affecting jazz musicians 没有link的证据

D. emphasize the commitment of some jazz musicians to a particular view of jazz 强调一些爵士音乐家对于一个特定观点的认可。没有commitment的证据

E. cite evidence to support a claim about stylistic development within jazz in the 1950s 没有stylisitic development的证据