K400V2S04S3Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Arts/history

craft guilds / training / masters' widows

谁说女人不行家

①Historian Sheilagh Ogilvie challenges the view that training by European craft guilds from 1560 to1760 was necessary. ②Her main evidence, however, is based only on female employment in one guild. ③Like most other guilds, the Wildberg weavers’ guild banned women from becoming masters; however, it exempted masters’ widows. ④Indeed, widows accounted for 14 percent of all masters. ⑤Ogilvie claims that these “untrained” widows prove “the irrelevance of training.” ⑥But Wildberg master-widows were not untrained: for, as Ogilvie notes elsewhere, wives and children worked with masters; their training may have been informal, but it existed nonetheless. ⑦At least 80 percent of widows were married to masters for longer than the standard six-year apprenticeship; an unknown proportion of the remainder had grown up in weaving families. 

历史学家SO不认为1560-1760间欧洲手工业行会提供的培训是必要的。然而，她主要的证据基于一个行会里的女性手工业者。和大部分其他行会一样，W纺织行会禁止女性当师傅，但是老师傅的遗孀却不在禁止之列。实际上，14%的纺织师傅正是这些遗孀。O说这些“未经训练”的遗孀证明了训练无关紧要。但是这些遗孀并非未经训练。因为也正如O在其他地方发现的那样，妻子小孩是和师傅一起工作的。他们得到的训练可能是非正式的（耳濡目染的），但的确存在。至少80%的遗孀嫁给老师傅的时间长于一般6年的学徒期，剩下的有些就成长于从事纺织业的家庭。

1. In context, the primary function of the final sentence of the passage is to 

功能题 目的题 易

最后一句给出了有说服力的证据支持前一句观点，用于反驳O的观点。

A

A. provide evidence to undermine a central claim in Ogilvie’s argument 符合

B. summarize the most important aspects of the data Ogilvie cites to support her analysis 相反。这是和O的观点相反的证据

C. illustrate how the Wildberg weavers’ guild differed from other craft guilds of the period 没有differed证据。

D. quantify the amount of formal training typically received by Wildberg master weavers 错误。问信息功能，要找信息服务的对象，要从信息本身抽出来。

E. clarify an ambiguity in the status of mater-widows as guild members 没有ambiguity的证据

2. The author’s evaluation of Ogilvie’s argument focuses primarily on Ogilvie’s 

细节题 中

作者评价O的论点主要关注在证据找的不对。

C

A. overgeneralization of a study of an atypical industry 对于一个非典型产业的过度概括。没有atypical的证据

B. failure to differentiate between formal apprenticeship training and subsequent practical experience 没有证据。无关建立学徒和训练直接的关系

C. assumption that certain guild members had no training 认为一些行会成员没受过训练。是的，O认为那些遗孀是没受过训练的。但是作者认为是受过训练的，不过是耳濡目染式的非正式训练而已。

D. insufficient acknowledgement of certain exceptions to a guild’s rules 不太承认一些行会规则的例外。相反。有一定的干扰。O正式看到这种女性师傅（例外）的存在，才认为训练没用。

E. attempt to impose an artificial uniformity on an extended period in history 想在一段历史时期中强加一中一致性。没有uniformity的证据

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/sociology

television / medium / exposure

对于看电视的研究

①The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium. ②The uses and gratifications approach conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when consuming media and offers an understanding of how audience motivations, individual characteristics, and preferences link to media behavior. ③Findings demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television, especially involving program—or program type—preferences. ④However, studies in this tradition empirically ignore that exposure is not completely free of constraints. ⑤Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member’s availability and access to television or other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as scheduling factors, impact use of television. ⑥Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate data (usually secondary analyses supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macrolevel audience behavior. ⑦Findings from this approach usually have impressive predictive power and utility for explaining the mass audience but are ill-suited to explain the underlying reasons for medium or program choice, including individual motivations for selecting television in the first place. 

对于看电视的研究，两个主要的理论传统对观众如何使用电视进行了不同的假设。“使用和满足”方式认为观众是受众在选择消费媒体时是主动和目标导向的，并提供了对受众动机、个人特征和偏好如何与媒体行为相联系的理解。研究结果表明，很大一部分观众行为都在决定是否看电视，特别是电视节目或节目类型的偏好选择。然而，这一传统的研究忽略了看电视并不是完全不受限制的。 结构性或情境性因素，如观众是否有机会收看电视或其他媒体，是否有能力或意愿为多频道服务付费，以及日程安排因素，都会影响电视的使用。关注这些结构性决定因素的学者使用汇总数据(通常是尼尔森提供的二次分析)来证明宏观层面观众行为的一致模式。这种方法的研究结果在解释大众观众时通常具有令人印象深刻的预测能力和效用，但却不适合解释媒介或节目选择的潜在原因，包括最初选择电视的个人动机。

生词摘录：

gratification 满足

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to  

功能题 主旨题 易

文章主要在说，关于人们看电视行为的两种传统研究方式各有不足。

B

A. identify a particular assumption shared by two theoretical models  相反。并不shared，第一句就说了不同。

B. delineate differences between two approaches to the study of a particular subject 描述研究某一特定主题的两种方法之间的差异。符合

C. account for researchers’ preference for one theoretical approach over a competing approach 没有preference的证据

D. evaluate the evidence used to support two different explanations for a particular phenomenon 并不是在评价证据。

E. explain how certain problems with a particular research method are addressed by an alternative method 并没有第二种方法解决第一种方法问题的证据

4. Select the sentence in the passage that identifies a limitation to the uses and gratifications approach. 

功能题 句子选择题 易

找第一个方法的不足。第4句中被忽视的内容在第5句列出。

D

A. The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry  differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium.  

B. The uses and gratifications approach conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when  consuming media and offers an understanding of how audience motivations, individual characteristics,  and preferences link to media behavior.  

C. Findings demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television,  especially involving program--or program type--preferences.  

D. Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member's availability and access to television or other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as scheduling factors,  impact use of television.  

E. Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate data (usually secondary analyses  supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macro level audience behavior.  

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following claims about television viewers’  choices of particular programs? 

态度题 难

A

根据第5句，作者认为结构性或情境性因素，如观众是否有机会收看电视或其他媒体，是否有能力或意愿为多频道服务付费，以及日程安排因素，都会影响电视的使用。

A. They involve factors that may not be sufficiently reflected in the uses and gratifications approach 符合

B. They are difficult to study because of the paucity of aggregate data about them 没有paucity的证据

C. They are likely to be less reflective of people’s individual preferences than of structural or contextual factors. 没有这个比较的证据

D. They cannot be reliably predicted by researchers who use neither of the approaches discussed in the passage. 没有这一类研究者的证据。

E. They are largely determined by factors that cannot be studied empirically.  没有这些factors的证据。

Questions 6 is based on this passage

Arts/literature

poem / socially significant / English Romantic poetry

具有社会意义的英国浪漫主义诗歌

Editor: A poem cannot become socially significant unless it is read by people beyond the author’s immediate circle. Since I intend to include in my anthology of English Romantic poetry only those works that had become socially significant during their author’s lifetime, I am not including poems or versions of poems that were never officially published. 

Scholar: As you surely know, English Romanticism was characterized by fast-traveling secrets and wide but clandestine distributions of manuscripts.  

主编：一首诗只有超越作者的圈子而被更多的人读到才具有社会意义。由于我打算在我的英国浪漫主义诗歌选集中只包括那些在作者一生中具有社会意义的作品，我不会选录那些从未正式出版的诗歌及其相关版本。  

学者：你肯定知道，英国浪漫主义的特点是快速传播的秘密和广泛而秘密地分发手稿。  

6. The point the scholar makes in responding to the editor does which of the following? 

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 中

学者指出有些作品很有社会意义，但是可能私下传播，并未出版。

C

A. Forestalls an objection that could plausibly be made to the editor’s argument 预先阻止了对编辑的论点提出的貌似合理的反对意见。相反。学者就是来怼主编的。

B. Cites as historical evidence something that, if true, indicates that few works of English Romantic poetry are likely to meet the editor’s criterion for social significance 找出一些历史证据，如果是真的话，那么几乎没有能满足主编标准的作品。这个选项还挺干扰的，但是few是没有证据的。

C. Raises the possibility that some unpublished English Romantic poetry could be included in the anthology without defeating the editor’s intention 不违背主编的计划，但是一些没出版的也可以进诗集。符合。

D. Questions that need to publish a certain category of literature by showing that it is already widely read 通过说这类作品已经被广泛阅读来质疑出版该类文学的需求。没有need的证据

E. Draws a distinction between widely read poetry and socially significant poetry 没有distinction的证据

生词摘录：

clandestine 私下的，偷偷摸摸的

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Arts/archaeology

graphic / codex / pictographs 

中美洲的象形文字符号体系

①The graphic element of Mesoamerican codex writing appears as figural representations, icons and symbols that signify thought, ideas, and imagery rather than visible speech. ②Although ancient Mexicans designated some symbols to voice specific words, their larger graphic system did not correspond directly with spoken language. ③Because the symbols did not replicate any single linguistic system, speakers of various languages could translate the pictographs into their own respective tongues. ④Readers evaluated a combination of naturalistic images, pictorial conventions, and abstract symbols recorded within an organized structure. ⑤By knowing the basic conventions and the meanings of the symbols and recognizing their general arrangement, readers interpreted the pictographic messages. ⑥Precise reading orders are not always set, however; thus, different readings and interpretations remain possible.

中美洲古籍中的图形元素看起来是代表思想、观点、意象而非文字的象征性图标和符号。尽管古墨西哥人设计了一些符号来表达特定的词汇，他们的图形系统却并不直接和口头语言匹配。因为符号并不复制任何一种单一的语言体系，使用不同语言的人可以把这种图像文字翻译成各自的语言。阅读者评估这些结构化的自然图形、图像和抽象符号的组合。人们通过一些基本的共识、符号的含义和符号的摆列来解读这些象形文字传递的信息。然而，没有什么特定的阅读顺序，因此，不同的阅读方式也会带来不同的解读。

生词摘录：

graphic 视觉的，图形的，生动的

Mesoamerican 中美洲

codex 古籍

figural 象征的

7. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding the symbols of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?

细节题 中

B

A. Some of the symbols represent multiple concepts. 没有multiple的证据

B. Some of the symbols correspond with particular words. 符合第二句信息

C. Most of the symbols originate from a single spoken language. 相反。与第三句信息不符。

D. The symbols were primarily made up of abstract images. 没有primarily的证据

E. The individual symbols were hard to translate because their arrangement varied. 相反。不是因为组合多样而难翻译，而是读法不固定所以理解也不固定。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the nature of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system enabled which of the following?

细节题 推断题 中

AB

A. The sharing of the system among speakers of different languages 符合第五句信息。

B. The visible representation of different language systems 符合第三句信息

C. The changing of the system’s conventions by speakers of different languages 没有changing的证据 

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences/biology

migartory songbirds / Pleistocene glaciation 

欧洲的鸟比北美的鸟适应性更强

①Important historical differences between Europe and North America may explain why many European migratory songbirds, in contrast to North American migratory songbirds, thrive in forest habitats fragmented by human activity. ②First, the Pleistocene glaciations may have been more severe in Europe than in North America. ③Virtually all Europe’s forests were erased during the most recent Ice Age. ④Any European songbirds dependent upon large, intact blocks of forest were unlikely to survive. ⑤In the southern part of North America, however, some forests managed to persist through the coldest times, to the advantage of some forest-dwelling songbirds. ⑥Second, European Forests were being abused by humans for thousands of years before the North American forests were. ⑦Consequently, European birds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated landscape. 

欧洲和北美之间的重要历史差异可能解释了为什么许多欧洲鸣禽候鸟，与北美鸣禽候鸟相比，在被人类活动破坏的森林栖息地茁壮成长。 首先，更新世时期欧洲的冰川作用可能比北美更为严重。几乎所有的欧洲森林都在最近的冰河时代消失了。任何依赖于大而完整的森林的欧洲鸣禽都不可能存活。然而，在北美南部，一些森林设法熬过了最寒冷的时期，这对一些栖息在森林里的鸣禽有利。 第二，欧洲森林被人类滥用的历史比北美森林早几千年。因此，欧洲鸟类有更多的时间来适应人类主导的环境。  

9. According to the passage, which of the following is true about today’s European migratory songbirds? 

细节题 中

文中第一点理由的言下之意是，现在的欧洲鸟都能适应fragmented habitat。

A

A. They generally are not dependent on large, intact blocks of forest. 符合

B. They generally are less sensitive to cold temperatures than are North American songbirds. 没有适应温度比较的证据

C. They tend to be unevenly distributed across Europe because of differences in habitat. 没有distributed的证据

D. Most would be unlikely to survive additional fragmentation of their preferred habitat. 没有证据或者相反。

E. Most represent species that evolved after the Pleistocene glaciations. 没有证据。只是要大森林的鸟没活下来，还有其他不需要大森林的鸟呢。

10. In the author’s argument, the observation made in the highlighted portion of the passage primarily serves to 

功能题 目的题 易

高亮的第三句是个事实，支持第一个理由。

B

A. identify a factor that helps explain why Europe’s songbird population is significantly smaller than North America’s 相反。欧洲鸟比北美鸟活的更好。

B. help explain a distinctive characteristic of European songbirds 符合

C. shed light on why there is less habitat available for songbirds in Europe than for songbirds in North America  没有证据。并没有比较栖息地的多少。

D. point to a reason why European songbirds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated landscape than have North American birds. 无关。这是第二个理由。

E. emphasize the long duration of the Pleistocene glaciations in North America relative to the Pleistocene glaciations in Europe 没有两个地方冰川持续时间的证据。原文只说了更严重。