【经济发展】罗斯福第4次炉边谈话 1933年10月22日
1933年10月22日，美国总统罗斯福向美国人民汇报新政进展情况，回顾了1933年新政取得的成果，并鼓励美国人民坚定信念。
It is three months since I have talked with the people of this country about our national problems; but during this period many things have happened, and I am glad to say that the major part of them have greatly helped the well-being of the average citizens.
距离上次我同美国人民谈论国事，只过去3个月了；但是这短短3个月中，却发生了许多事情，而我可以欣然告诉大家，大部分事情都促进了普通美国公民的福祉利益。
Because, in every step which your Government is taking we are thinking in terms of the average of you -- in the old words, "the greatest good to the greatest number" -- we, as reasonable people, cannot expect to bring definite benefits to every person or to every occupation or business, or industry or agriculture. In the same way, no reasonable person can expect that in this short space of time, during which new machinery had to be not only put to work, but first set up, that every locality in every one of the 48 states of the country could share equally and simultaneously in the trend to better times.
因为，我们政府走的每一步，都考虑到了你们的平均情况——用一句话老话说，就是“让最广人民群众的利益最大化”——我们是有理智的人，自然不可能指望我们能给每一个人、每一个岗位，亦或每一个商业企业、工业企业、农业企业都带来实在的收益。但是，我们单纯凭借理智，也的确未能预料到现在的大好形势，在这么短的时间里，我们的新机制一经建立，就迅速投入运作，全美48个州的各地都共同乘此发展趋势，奔向美好时代。
The whole picture, however -- the average of the whole territory from coast to coast -- the average of the whole population of 120,000,000 people -- shows to any person willing to look, facts and action of which you and I can be proud.
再从宏观来看——纵观我国从东海岸到西海岸的广袤领土上的平均情况——纵观我们全国1.2亿人口的平均情况——你我见此景象，都不由得为我们的作为深感自豪。
In the early spring of this year there were actually and proportionately more people out of work in this country than in any other nation in the world. Fair estimates showed 12 or 13 millions unemployed last March. Among those there were, of course, several millions who could be classed as normally unemployed -- people who worked occasionally when they felt like it, and others who preferred not to work at all. It seems, therefore, fair to say that there were about 10 millions of our citizens who earnestly, and in many cases hungrily, were seeking work and could not get it. Of these, in the short space of a few months, I am convinced that at least 4 millions have been given employment -- or, saying it another way, 40 percent of those seeking work have found it.
今年初春，我国失业人数位居世界各国榜首。据统计，今年3月，我国大约有1200万—1300万人失业。当然了，这一数据包括了几百万不愿意工作、或仅看心情选择工作时间的人，这些人一般也被归类为失业者。因此，可以说，有近1000万美国公民希望工作，甚至渴望工作，但却没有工作岗位。而在短短几个月后，我相信，他们中已有400万人找到了工作——也就是说，40%的求职者都得到了工作。
That does not mean, my friends, that I am satisfied, or that you are satisfied that our work is ended. We have a long way to go but we are on the way.
我的朋友们，我告知你们，不是说我已经满足，也不是说你们对我们完成工作感到满意。虽然我们依旧有很长的路要走，但我们在不断前进。
How are we constructing the edifice of recovery -- the temple which, when completed, will no longer be a temple of money-changers or of beggars, but rather a temple dedicated to and maintained for a greater social justice, a greater welfare for America -- the habitation of a sound economic life? We are building, stone by stone, the columns which will support that habitation. Those columns are many in number and though, for a moment the progress of one column may disturb the progress on the pillar next to it, the work on all of them must proceed without let or hindrance.
我们如何建设复兴之殿呢？这座殿堂建成之后，就不再是兑换商或乞丐的居住所，而是一座致力于维护社会平等、人民利益、美好生活的殿堂。我们正在一石一瓦地修筑这座大厦的支柱。我们要修建的支柱数量众多，而且修建其中一个支柱还有可能会扰乱其他支柱的修建进度，但是我们必须修建好全部的支柱。
We all know that immediate relief for the unemployed was the first essential of such a structure and that is why I speak first of the fact that three hundred thousand young men have been given employment and are being given employment all through this winter in the Civilian Conservation Corps Camps in almost every part of the Nation.
我们都知道，对失业者进行即时救济是修筑这座殿堂的首要材料，也正因此，我首先要告知大家的事是，已有30万年轻人在全国各地的民间资源保护队营地得到了工作，他们可以安然度过今年冬季。
So, too, we have, as you know, expended greater sums in cooperation with states and localities for work relief and home relief than ever before -- sums which during the coming winter cannot be lessened for the very simple reason that though several million people have gone back to work, the necessities of those who have not yet obtained work is more severe than at this time last year.
正如大家所知，我们为此同各州各市展开合作，投入失业救济和住房救济的资金再创新高——这些资金没有一分钱是多余的，原因很简单，虽然已经有上百万人得到了工作，但是依然有不少失业者，比起去年此时，他们需要更多必需品来度过这个寒冬。
Then we come to the relief that is being given to those who are in danger of losing their farms or their homes. New machinery had to be set up for farm credit and for home credit in every one of the thirty-one hundred counties of the United States, and every day that passes is saving homes and farms to hundreds of families. I have publicly asked that foreclosures on farms and chattels and on homes be delayed until every mortgagor in the country shall have had full opportunity to take advantage of Federal credit. I make the further request which many of you know has already been made through the great Federal credit organizations that if there is any family in the United States about to lose its home or about to lose its chattels, that family should telegraph at once either to the Farm Credit Administration or the Home Owners Loan Corporation in Washington requesting their help.
然后是那部分有可能失去农场或住房的人，我们再谈谈对他们的救济工作。我们早已在全美3100个郡建立了新的农业贷和房贷制度，这一制度在过去每一天都在帮助成百上千个家庭保有自己的农场和住房。我曾公开要求，推迟废除农场、动产和住房的赎回权，等到全国所有抵押人都可以使用联邦贷款时再做定夺。我重申各大联邦贷款组织对大家的呼吁，如果美国有任何家庭即将失去住房和动产，那么请立刻致电位于华盛顿的农业信贷管理局或房主贷款公司，并请求他们的帮助。
Two other great agencies are in full swing. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation continues to lend large sums to industry and finance with the definite objective of making easy the extending of credit to industry, commerce and finance.
另外，还有两大组织也在全力开展工作。金融重建公司持续向工业和金融业提供大笔贷款，明确致力于解决工业、商业和金融业难以发放贷款的现状。
The program of public works in three months has advanced to this point: Out of a total appropriated for public works of three billion three hundred million, one billion eight hundred million has already been allocated to Federal projects of all kinds and literally in every part of the United States and work on these is starting forward. In addition, three hundred millions have been allocated to public works to be carried out by states, municipalities and private organizations, such as those undertaking slum clearance. The balance of the public works money, nearly all of it intended for state or local projects, waits only on the presentation of proper projects by the states and localities themselves. Washington has the money and is waiting for the proper projects to which to allot it.
三个月的公共工程发展现状为：我们总计给公共工程拨款约33亿美元，其中有18亿美元被分配到了全国各地的联邦工程，目前这些工程正在稳步进行。此此之外，这些资金还有3亿美元用于各州政府、各市政府以及私人组织开展的公共工程，比如贫民窟拆除工作。余下的拨款，基本会全部用于各州和各地方项目，只待各地提出相关建设性项目。目前这笔资金位于华盛顿，等着有合适的项目出现。
Another pillar in the making is the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. I have been amazed by the extraordinary degree of cooperation given to the Government by the cotton farmers in the South, the wheat farmers of the West, the tobacco farmers of the Southeast, and I am confident that the corn-hog farmers of the Middle West will come through in the same magnificent fashion. The problem we seek to solve had been steadily getting worse for twenty years, but during the last six months we have made more rapid progress than any nation has ever made in a like period of time. It is true that in July farm commodity prices had been pushed up higher than they are today, but that push came in part from pure speculation by people who could not tell you the difference between wheat and rye, by people who had never seen cotton growing, by people who did not know that hogs were fed on corn -- people who have no real interest in the farmer and his problems.
这一殿堂的另一支柱，是正在组建的农业调整署。南部的棉农、西部的小麦农和东南部的烟草农同政府的合作效果拔群，使我都感到十分惊讶，我相信美国中西部的以玉米饲养生猪的农民，也可通过此方式脱离困境。过去20年中，经济问题不断恶化，我们一直寻求解决经济问题的办法，但仅在过去的6个月中，我们取得的耀眼成就远超任何处于经济危机的国家。虽然农产品的物价在7月份比现在还要高，但是那次物价上升在很大程度上，是因为有些人分不清小麦和黑麦的区别，他们从没见过棉花生长，也不知道农民是用玉米喂猪，而单纯进行投机行为所造成的——这些投机者并非真正关心农民的利益和困境。
In spite, however, of the speculative reaction from the speculative advance, it seems to be well established that during the course of the year 1933 the farmers of the United States will receive 33 percent more dollars for what they have produced than they received in the year 1932. Put in another way, they will receive $400 in 1933, where they received $300 the year before. That, remember, is for the average of the country, for I have reports that some sections are not any better off than they were a year ago. This applies among the major products, especially to cattle raising and the dairy industry. We are going after those problems as fast as we can.
虽然他们的投机行为对调查有所影响，但我们可以基本证实，美国农民在1933年的收入相较1932年提高了33%。换为具体数据，美国农民在去年的收入是300美元，而1933年则增加了400美元。但要记住，这一数据是全国平均水平，因为我也接到了相关报告，称有些地区的情况相较去年并无好转。这种情况出现在主要农产业，尤其是畜牛和乳制品行业。我们正争取最快速度解决这些问题。
I do not hesitate to say, in the simplest, clearest language of which I am capable, that although the prices of many products of the farm have gone up and although many farm families are better off than they were last year, I am not satisfied either with the amount or the extent of the rise, and that it is definitely a part of our policy to increase the rise and to extend it to those products which have as yet felt no benefit. If we cannot do this one way we will do it another. Do it, we will.
我完全可以用简单、最明确的话语告诉大家，虽然比起去年，农产品价格有所回涨，虽然许多农民家庭情况有所改善，但是我并不满意，无论是农业复苏速度还是复苏规模，我都不满意，所以我们新政的明确目标，就是加快农业复苏速度，并让政策惠及更多农产品。如果一种方式失败了，我们大不了再换一种。无论如何，我们都要实现农业复苏。
Standing beside the pillar of the farm -- the A.A.A. -- is the pillar of industry --the N.R.A. Its object is to put industry and business workers into employment and to increase their purchasing power through increased wages.
农业复兴的坚强后盾是农业调整署——工业复兴的坚实后盾则是《全国复兴法》。复兴法致力于让工业和商业的工人重返岗位，提高他们的工资，提升他们的购买力。
It has abolished child labor. It has eliminated the sweat shop. It has ended sixty cents a week paid in some mills and eighty cents a week paid in some mines. The measure of the growth of this pillar lies in the total figures of reemployment which I have already given you and in the fact that reemployment is continuing and not stopping. The secret of N.R.A. is cooperation. That cooperation has been voluntarily given through the signing of the blanket codes and through the signing of specific codes which already include all of the greater industries of the Nation.
该法案同时废除了童工制。还终结了血汗工厂。在工厂劳作一周只赚得60美分、在矿井摸爬一周只赚得80美分的日子一去不复返了。判断这一后盾是否坚实的依据，便是我刚刚告诉大家的持续不断的再就业数据。《全国复兴法》成功的秘诀，是大家的配合。这种配合，就是大家自愿签署全国各大行业的具体管理法规。
In the vast majority of cases, in the vast majority of localities -- the N.R.A. has been given support in unstinted measure. We know that there are chiselers. At the bottom of every case of criticism and obstruction we have found some selfish interest, some private axe to grind.
在绝大多数情况和地区——《全国复兴法》都得到了大力支持。但我们也知道，有少部分人会使用不法手段。每次复兴法受到批评和阻挠，我们都能在其背后发现少量自私自利、唯利是图之辈。
Ninety percent of complaints come from misconception. For example, it has been said that N.R.A. has failed to raise the price of wheat and corn and hogs; that N.R.A. has not loaned enough money for local public works. Of course, N.R.A. has nothing whatsoever to do with the price of farm products, nor with public works. It has to do only with industrial organization for economic planning to wipe out unfair practices and to create reemployment. Even in the field of business and industry, N. R. A. does not apply to the rural communities or to towns of under twenty-five hundred population, except in so far as those towns contain factories or chain stores which come under a specific code.
90%对复兴法的批判声都源自误解。比如说，有些人批评复兴法不能提升小麦、玉米和生猪的价格；复兴法不能为当地公共工程拨出充足的借款。复兴法当然办不到上述要求，因为它和农产品价格和公共工程根本不是一回事。它只涉及工业机构，负责规划经济，打击不当竞争，帮助人们再就业。哪怕只论商业和工业领域，复兴法也无力顾及人农村和人口不足2500人的小镇，除非这些小镇内有符合复兴法要求的工厂或连锁店。
It is also true that among the chiselers, to whom I have referred, there are not only the big chiselers but also petty chiselers who seek to make undue profit on untrue statements. Let me cite to you the example of the salesman in a store in a large Eastern city who tried to justify the increase in the price of a cotton shirt from one dollar and a half to two dollars and a half by saying to the customer that it was due to the cotton processing tax. Actually in that shirt there was about one pound of cotton and the processing tax amounted to four and a quarter cents on that pound of cotton.
我刚才提到的不法之徒中，不仅有违法犯罪的重犯，也有些人只搞小动作，他们通过欺骗撒谎，谋取一些不正当的蝇头小利。我给大家举个例子，在美国东部的某个大城市里有一个推销员，他把价格仅值1美元的棉衬衫涨价到2.5美元，并欺骗顾客说涨价是因为棉花加工的额外费用。但事实上，棉衬衫里的1磅棉花，其加工费用只有1.25美元。
At this point it is only fair that I should give credit to the sixty or seventy million people who live in the cities and larger towns of the Nation for their understanding and their willingness to go along with the payment of even these small processing taxes, though they know full well that the proportion of the processing taxes on cotton goods and on food products paid for by city dwellers goes one hundred per cent towards increasing the agricultural income of the farm dwellers of the land.
说到这个，我不得不赞扬美国六七千万的城镇居民，他们理解并愿意支付这些额外的加工费用，虽然他们知道这些棉花和食品加工费用会全部用于增加本国农民的收入，但我还是得赞扬他们的善良理解。
The last pillar of which I speak is that of the money of the country in the banks of the country. There are two simple facts.
然后，我再谈一谈美国复兴的最后一大支柱，那就是美国的各大银行中存放的财产。先说两个基本事实。
First, the Federal Government is about to spend one billion dollars as an immediate loan on the frozen or non-liquid assets of all banks closed since January 1, 1933, giving a liberal appraisal to those assets. This money will be in the hands of the depositors as quickly as it is humanly possible to get it out.
第一，联邦政府将即刻拨款10亿美元，代替1933年1月1日以来关闭的银行中存有的冻结或非流动资产，并对这些资产进行大致评估。我们会尽快将这笔钱交到银行客户手中。
Secondly, the Government Bank Deposit Insurance on all accounts up to $2500 goes into effect on January first. We are now engaged in seeing to it that on or before that date the banking capital structure will be built up by the Government to the point that the banks will be in sound condition when the insurance goes into effect.
第二，联邦银行存款险将于1月1日对所有客户生效。政府目前在保证银行资本制度能在1月1日建成，或提前建成，这样该保险生效时，联邦银行才会处于健全状态。
Finally, I repeat what I have said on many occasions, that ever since last March the definite policy of the Government has been to restore commodity price levels. The object has been the attainment of such a level as will enable agriculture and industry once more to give work to the unemployed. It has been to make possible the payment of public and private debts more nearly at the price level at which they were incurred. It has been gradually to restore a balance in the price structure so that farmers may exchange their products for the products of industry on a fairer exchange basis. It has been and is also the purpose to prevent prices from rising beyond the point necessary to attain these ends. The permanent welfare and security of every class of our people ultimately depends on our attainment of these purposes.
最后，我再次强调我此前反复强调的话，自今年3月以来，政府都明确致力于拉升物价水平。直至物价水平能够使得工业农业复苏，为失业者提供工作岗位。政府已经几乎将公私债务的偿付金额拉回大萧条前的水平。政府在一步步重建物价体系，让农民能以更合理的价格用农产品交换工业品。我们过去和现在的任务，都是要防止物价上升矫枉过正。我们的任务，事关全国所有阶层人民的长久幸福安全。
Obviously, and because hundreds of different kinds of crops and industrial occupations in the huge territory that makes up this Nation are involved, we cannot reach the goal in only a few months. We may take one year or two years or three years.
但我国领土广袤，农作物和工厂类别多种多样，所以我们不可能仅用几个月时间就完成这一任务。这可能要耗费一年，两年甚至三年。
No one who considers the plain facts of our situation believes that commodity prices, especially agricultural prices, are high enough yet.
仔细观察现状，我国的物价，尤其是农产品物价依然不够高。
Some people are putting the cart before the horse. They want a permanent revaluation of the dollar first. It is the Government's policy to restore the price level first. I would not know, and no one else could tell, just what the permanent valuation of the dollar will be. To guess at a permanent gold valuation now would certainly require later changes caused by later facts.
有些人却本末倒置。他们希望政府能首先让美元长期升值。但政府的任务是要首先拉升物价水平。我不知道，也没人说得出，美元的长期价值会是多少。美金的长期价值，肯定会受未来事件的影响随机而变。
When we have restored the price level, we shall seek to establish and maintain a dollar which will not change its purchasing and debt paying power during the succeeding generation. I said that in my message to the American delegation in London last July. And I say it now once more.
等我们稳定好物价水平后，我们才会开始重建并稳定美元的购买力以及偿还力，以保证其价值波动不会影响到下一代人。7月份，我在公开向前往伦敦的美国代表讲话时说过一点。我现在再强调一遍。
Because of conditions in this country and because of events beyond our control in other parts of the world, it becomes increasingly important to develop and apply the further measures which may be necessary from time to time to control the gold value of our own dollar at home.
考虑到我国现状，加之世界其他国家的事态发展超乎我们管控，所以我们必须制定并采取进一步措施，保证国内黄金与美元的兑换率，以备不时之需，这一行动的紧迫性与日俱增。
Our dollar is now altogether too greatly influenced by the accidents of international trade, by the internal policies of other nations and by political disturbance in other continents. Therefore the United States must take firmly in its own hands the control of the gold value of our dollar. This is necessary in order to prevent dollar disturbances from swinging us away from our ultimate goal, namely, the continued recovery of our commodity prices.
当前，我们的美元会极大地受到国际贸易突发事件、他国的对外政策和其他大陆的政治动荡影响。因此，美元黄金兑换率的决定权，必须牢牢掌握在我们自己手里。如果不希望美元出现波动，给我们恢复物价的任务造成额外阻力，那么这一行动便不可或缺。
As a further effective means to this end, I am going to establish a Government market for gold in the United States. Therefore, under the clearly defined authority of existing law, I am authorizing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to buy gold newly mined in the United States at prices to be determined from time to time after consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the President. Whenever necessary to the end in view, we shall also buy or sell gold in the world market.
My aim in taking this step is to establish and maintain continuous control. This is a policy and not an expedient. It is not to be used merely to offset a temporary fall in prices. We are thus continuing to move towards a managed currency.
为实现该目的，我会将美国的黄金交易市场控制权交给联邦政府。因此，我行使当前法律明确授予我的权力，授权金融重建公司，在同美国财政部长和总统商议后，可以定期以固定价格购买新开采的黄金。如果有必要的话，我们也会在国际市场买卖黄金。我这么做，是为了能建立并长期控制美元黄金汇率。这是我们的政策，不是临时的应急之策。这一政策的作用不仅限于阻止物价暂时下跌。我们还可以借其建立能够控制的货币制度。
You will recall the dire predictions made last spring by those who did not agree with our common policies of raising prices by direct means. What actually happened stood out in sharp contrast with those predictions. Government credit is high, prices have risen in part. Doubtless prophets of evil still exist in our midst. But Government credit will be maintained and a sound currency will accompany a rise in the American commodity price level.
大家回想起今年春天，当时许多人不同意政府出台全国政策，用直接手段拉升物价，他们说这么做的后果不堪设想。而我们取得的实际成效，却狠狠回击了他们的预测。政府信贷状况良好，部分商品物价回升。毫无疑问，我们中依旧不乏这些悲观的预言家。但他们改变不了，政府信贷稳定，美国物价回升和货币体系即将健全的事实。
I have told you tonight the story of our steady but sure work in building our common recovery. In my promises to you both before and after March 4th, I made two things plain: First, that I pledged no miracles and, second, that I would do my best.
今晚，我向大家汇报了我们的复兴工作正稳中向好地进行着。我在3月4日前后向大家作出的承诺时，始终坚持着两点：一，承诺要务实可行，二，我要竭尽全力，无愧于心。
I thank you for your patience and your faith. Our troubles will not be over tomorrow, but we are on our way and we are headed in the right direction.
感谢大家的耐心和信任。虽然我们明天依旧无法摆脱困境，但是我们正在向着正确的方向不断前进。
声明：本人仅按照原文翻译内容，演讲内容不代表本人观点。此专栏仅供历史和英语交流学习使用，任何读者皆可引用本人的译本。
希望来学习英语的观众明白：我觉得这些专栏的主要精华在于英语原文，而并非我的译本，我的译本很大程度上只是供来学习历史的观众使用的。本人的英语水平一般，翻译得并不会多么精彩，只能在你看不懂时来帮助你了解这些演讲内容最基本的意思，而且翻译时难免会出现差错，切勿直接完全以我的译本为标准。如发现有翻译错误或者歧义内容，欢迎指正。
希望来学习历史的观众明白：任何历史人物都有一定的局限性，随着时代发展，很多观点看法可能已经不再适用今天的世界，西方的观点也不一定适用于我们。通过了解这些演讲，仅可给我们提供一个更全面了解过去和世界的渠道。我们可以从优秀的历史、当代人物身上学到很多，但是请保持独立思考，理性看待演讲内容，切勿全信或将其奉为真理。
