以印度类比美国?你需要了解的印度历史1:西边来了一群不拜神像的老哥

It is said that the Indian merchants in the seventh century ad of the west coast of Indian continent were astonished to see the bearded merchants with long robes. They saw them praying together at a place where there was no idol. They came to konw that their religion was called Islam. It was a new culture that did not believe in the caste system, thus attracting the lower classes and the Dalits who welcomed them to India.
据传说7世纪的印度西海岸商人惊讶地看见一群长胡子穿长袍的商人老哥聚在一块祈祷。并没有对着任何一座神像祈祷!他们后来发现这些不拜神像的老哥信得是回教。这是一种,在7世纪,看来全新的文化并且回教不相信种姓体系。这吸引了印度低种姓和不可接触的贱欢迎回教传入印度。

After its rise, Islam conquered West Asia and Iran. It then expanded into Khurasan and Central Asia including Transoxiana – the area between rivers Oxus and Syr. As a result, the Indian influence, mainly Buddhist was reduced there and the overland trade with China was affected.
回教兴起后,信徒征服了西亚和伊朗。然后,回教扩展到呼罗珊(现在的阿富汗地区)和中亚,包括阿克斯河和叙尔河之间的河中地区(乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦)。结果,对印度的影响,主要是佛教,在那里佛教衰落了。同样衰落的还有与中国的陆上贸易受到影响。

The overseas commerce of India would have been affected too but the Arab sea traders revived it and helped to strengthen the Indian commerce with West Asia, countries of South-East Asia and China. Contrary to the popular belief, the Indian traders were not driven away from the seanor did they stop going to the sea for fear of the loss of caste. It has been found in recent years that not only the Indian traders but also the Indian physicians and craftsmen settled around the Persian Gulf areas. The powerful Rashtrakuta dynasty welcomed the Arabs to settle in India and permitted them to build mosques. Some Arab traders also settled in Malabar.
回教大征服也影响了对印度的海外商业。但阿拉伯海上商人恢复了印度的海外商业并加强了同西亚、东南亚诸和中国的贸易联系。和常识相反的是,印度商人并没有被赶出家门。他们不敢出海,害怕丢失自己的种姓地位。在最近的发现(2017年)不只是印度商人,还有印度医生和工匠在波斯湾周围定居(这是印度人回老家了)强大的罗湿陀罗拘陀王朝欢迎阿拉伯人在印度定居并允许他们建造清真寺。

The Abbasid empire, at the height of the ninth century ad, ruled from Constantinople and Egypt to Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. But they were mostly interested in subduing the heathen Turks (generally called Turkomans) and expanding towards the West. The rise of some aggressive states began with the disintegra- tion of the Abbasid Empire at the end of the ninth century. These States accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Caliph in return for his formal letter of approval. Gradually the rulers of these States came to be called Sultans. Most of them were Turks. Their ancestors had been nomads who lived in Mongolistan and Sinkiang and had migrated to the region of Transoxiana, often called Transitional Zone.
阿拉伯帝国的阿拔斯王朝,在其9世纪鼎盛时,统治着从君士坦丁堡(当然并没有)到埃及,从中亚到阿拉伯半岛的广袤领土。阿拔斯王朝对镇压突厥异教徒很感兴趣(这些人被统称为土库曼人)。然后从西方一路扩张而来。
在九世纪末,一些武德充沛的邦国在阿拉伯帝国阿拔斯王朝开始解体时崛起。这些邦国接受了阿拉伯帝国哈里发名义上的宗主权以换取哈里发对这些国家独立的正式批准。逐渐地这些邦国的统治者被冠以“苏丹”之名。这些人大多数为突厥人。这些突厥苏丹们祖先是居住在蒙古和中国新疆的游牧民族并移民到了河中之地。河中之地经常被称为“游牧文明和定居文明的过渡地带”

The Iranian rulers of the area and the Abbasid Caliphs often recruited them as mercenaries. The Turkish commanders learnt the Persian language and adopted the Persian culture quickly. The Turks were also taken as slaves and palace guards and were converted to Islam. The ruling class used both Arabic and Persian languages but in the administrative practices were influenced by the Persian culture.
After the fall of the Abbasids, the most powerful dynasty was the Samanid (874-999) founded by a recently converted Iranian noble- man. This dynasty was followed by the Ghaznavids (962-1186) founded by Alaptagin,a former Turkish slave. He was also a Samanid officer.
这个地区的伊朗统治者和阿拔斯王朝的哈里发经常雇佣突厥人为雇佣兵。突厥人将领学习波斯语并迅速接受波斯文化。突厥人也被当成奴隶和宫殿卫士并被改信回教。统治阶级使用阿拉伯语和波斯语但统治活动是受到波斯文化影响的。
在阿拔斯王朝奔溃之后,最强大的王朝是萨曼王朝(874-999),由一个新近皈依的伊朗贵族建立。这个王朝之后是由前突厥奴隶阿勒普特勤建立的伽色尼王朝(962-1186),此人也是萨曼王朝的一位官员。
译注:阿勒普特勤应该属于阿斯塔特奴隶阶级。是从小在军营里培养的军事奴隶,作为禁卫军士兵和军官培养。属于统治阶级的附庸。

The Ghaznavids were displaced by the Seljuk Turks who were in turn dispossessed by the Khwarizimi Empire which in turn was dispossessed by the Mongol leader Chenghiz Khan in the thirteenth century. Like the Rajput States in India these States too fought with each other as well as with other smaller States often for glory and possession of land.
伽色尼人被塞尔柱突厥人取代,塞尔柱突厥人又被花拉子模帝国剥夺了土地,而花剌子米帝国又在13世纪被蒙古领导人成吉思汗剥夺了土地。同时期河中乱,印度也乱。拉其普特诸侯在印度互相打打杀杀,其他小国也是如此。为了荣耀和兼并土地。
译注:啥是拉杰普特诸侯
公元前2~公元5、6世纪,塞种人、贵霜人、匈奴人、嚈哒人和古加拉等民族以及安息人和希腊人,大批移居印度。他们与当地居民融合形成拉杰普特人。其分布地区为:印度河下游的塞种拉杰普特人;印度河中游的嚈哒(或白匈奴)拉杰普特人;五河流域的贵霜拉杰普特人。其首领多为外族出身的侍卫,自称为“拉杰普特”。这些部族还保留着氏族关系和军事组织。首领和一般成员形成刹帝利,共同占有土地。他们要建立政权必须取得印度教社会的合法地位,这就需要由婆罗门来证明他们源出于印度古老的某一世系、某一王族、某个英雄、或神话中的天神(例如火神阿耆尼)的后裔。因此有所谓的日系和火系等世系。
人是神的后代,还能得到认证。这非常希腊。
