医学英语学习22.03.21——病理学-萎缩
ATROPHY IS AN ACTIVE RESPONSE TO AN ALTERED ENVIRONMENT THAT RESULTS IN REDUCED FUNCTION OR SIZE OF CELLS OR ORGANS
萎缩导致细胞器官体积缩小或功能下降，是一种对环境变化的积极反应
Clinically, atrophy is often noted as a decrease in size or function of an organ that occurs under pathologic or physiologic circumstances.
在临床上，萎缩通常是指在病理或生理环境下发生的器官大小或功能的减少。
Therefore, atrophy may result from disuse of skeletal muscle or from loss of trophic signals as part of normal aging.
因此，作为正常衰老的一部分，萎缩可能是由骨骼肌的失用或营养信号的丧失造成的。
At the level of an individual cell, atrophy may be thought of as an adaptive response, whereby a cell accommodates to changes in its environment while remaining viable.
在单个细胞的水平上，萎缩可以被认为是一种适应性反应，即细胞在保持生存的同时适应环境的变化。
However, most commonly, atrophy is a consequence of harmful processes such as those involved in some chronic diseases and biologic aging.
然而，最常见的是，萎缩是有害过程的结果，例如与某些慢性病和生物衰老有关的过程。
Reduction in an organ’s size may reflect reversible cell atrophy or irreversible loss of cells.
器官的缩小可能反映了可逆的细胞萎缩或不可逆转的细胞衰亡。
For example, atrophy of the brain in Alzheimer disease is secondary to extensive cell death; in this case, the size of the organ cannot be restored.
例如，阿尔茨海默病的大脑萎缩是继发于广泛的细胞死亡；在这种情况下，器官的大小无法恢复。
Atrophy occurs under a variety of conditions:
萎缩在多种情况下发生：
Reduced functional demand:
For example, after immobilization of a limb in a cast, muscle cells atrophy and muscular strength is reduced. When normal activity resumes, the muscle’s size and function return.
功能需求减少：例如，石膏固定肢体后，肌肉细胞萎缩，肌肉力量减弱。当正常活动恢复时，肌肉的大小和功能就会恢复。
immobilization 固定 /i,məubilai'zeiʃən/
cast 石膏 /kæst/
Inadequate supply of oxygen:
Interference with blood supply to tissues is called ischemia.
氧气供应不足：对组织血液供应的干扰称为缺血。
interference 干扰、介入 /ˌɪntɚ'fɪrəns/
ischemia 缺血 /ɪs'kimɪə/
Although total cessation of oxygen perfusion results in cell death, partial ischemia is often compatible with cell viability.
尽管完全停止供氧会导致细胞死亡，但部分缺血通常与细胞存活率相容。
viability 生存能力 /ˌvaiə'biliti/
cessation 停止 /sɛ'seʃən/
perfusion 灌注 /pɚˈfjuʒən/
compatible 可相容的 /kəm'pætəbl/
Under such circumstances, cell atrophy may be seen around the inadequately perfused margins of ischemic necrosis (infarcts) in the heart, brain and kidney following vascular occlusion in these organs.
在这种情况下，心脏、脑和肾脏的血管闭塞后，可能会在这些器官的缺血坏死(梗塞)的未充分灌流边缘周围看到细胞萎缩。
margin 边缘 /'mɑrdʒən/
necrosis 坏死 /nɛ'krosɪs/
vascular 血管 /'væskjəlɚ/
occlusion 闭塞 /əˈkluʒən/
Insufficient nutrients:
Starvation or inadequate nutrition associated with chronic disease leads to cell atrophy, particularly in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
营养不足：饥饿或与慢性病相关的营养不足会导致细胞萎缩，尤其是骨骼肌和脂肪组织。
starvation 饥饿 /stɑr'veʃən/
inadequate nutrition 营养不足 /ɪn'ædɪkwət/ /nu'trɪʃən/
chronic disease 慢性疾病 /'krɑnɪk/
adipose 脂肪的 /'ædə'pos/
Interruption of trophic signals:
The functions of many cells depend on signals transmitted by chemical mediators, of which the endocrine system and neuromuscular transmission are the best examples.
营养信号的中断：许多细胞的功能依赖于化学介质传递的信号，内分泌系统和神经肌肉传递就是最好的例子。
interruption 中断 /ˌɪntə'rʌpʃən/
endocrine system 内分泌系统 /'ɛndəkrɪn/
neuromuscular 神经肌肉的 /ˌnjʊro'mʌskjʊlɚ/
Loss of such signals via ablation of an endocrine gland or denervation results in atrophy of the target organ.
由于内分泌腺的切除或去神经导致的这种信号的丧失会导致靶器官的萎缩。
via 通过 /'vaɪə/
ablation 切除、消融 /ə'bleʃən/
denervation 去神经支配 /ˌdi:nə:'veiʃən/
Atrophy secondary to endocrine insufficiency is not restricted to pathologic conditions.
继发于内分泌不足的萎缩并不局限于病理条件。
restrict 限制 /rɪ'strɪkt/
For example, the endometrium atrophies when estrogen levels decrease after menopause.
例如，绝经后雌激素水平下降，子宫内膜萎缩。
endometrium 子宫内膜 /ˌɛndo'mitrɪəm/
estrogen 雌激素 /'ɛstrədʒən/
menopause 绝经期 /'mɛnə'pɔz/
Persistent cell injury:
Persistent cell injury is most commonly caused by chronic inflammation associated with prolonged viral or bacterial infections or by autoimmune disease.
持续性细胞损伤：持续性细胞损伤最常见的原因是慢性炎症与长期的病毒或细菌感染有关，或由自身免疫性疾病引起。
persistent 持续的 /pə'zɪstənt/
inflammation 炎症 /'ɪnflə'meʃən/
prolonged 长时的、长久的 /pro'lɔŋd/
viral 滤过性毒菌的 /'vaɪrəl/
bacterial 病毒的 /bæk'tɪrɪəl/
autoimmune 自身免疫的 /ˌɔtoɪ'mjʊn/
A good example is the atrophy of the gastric mucosa that occurs in association with chronic gastritis.
与慢性胃炎相关的胃粘膜萎缩就是一个很好的例子。
gastric 胃的 /'gæstrɪk/
mucosa 粘膜 /mjʊ'kosə/
gastritis 胃炎 /ɡæ'straɪtɪs/
Increased pressure:
Physical injury, such as prolonged pressure in inappropriate locations, produces atrophy. Prolonged bed rest may lead to sustained pressure on the skin, causing atrophy of the skin and consequent decubitus ulcers (bed sores).
压力增加：身体损伤，如不适当位置的长时间压力，会导致萎缩。长时间卧床休息可能会导致皮肤持续受压，导致皮肤萎缩，继而导致压疮(褥疮)。
sustained 长久的 /səˈstend/
decubitus 卧姿、褥疮 /dɪ'kjʊbətəs/
ulcer 溃疡 /'ʌlsɚ/
sore 褥疮、溃疡 /sɔr/
Chronic disease:
Often, people afflicted with wasting chronic diseases such as cancer, congestive heart failure or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) demonstrate generalized atrophy of many tissues. Importantly, tissue loss exceeds what can be attributed to decreased caloric intake and reflects alterations in cytokines and other mediators.
慢性病：癌症、充血性心力衰竭或获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)等慢性消耗性疾病的患者通常会表现出许多组织的普遍萎缩。重要的是，组织过度损失可归因于卡路里摄入量减少的程度，反映了细胞因子和其他介质的变化。
wasting chronic disease 慢性消耗性疾病
congestive 充血的 /kən'dʒɛstɪv/
demonstrate 表现 /'dɛmən'stret/
generalized 广泛的 /'dʒɛnrəlaɪzd/
cytokine 细胞因子 /ˈsaɪtəˌkaɪn/
[1] Emanuel Rubin, Howard M. Reisner.Essentials of Rubin’s pathology [M].6th ed.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,April 30, 2013:2-3
[2]文中音标源自“欧路词典”美式读音
