知点考博：上海交通大学博士生英语水平考试样题（3）

Section Three         Sequencing (9%)      （此题与 Blank Filling  二选一）

Directions: In this section, you will read a long passage with six paragraphs removed. Please reorganize the six paragraphs in the order from 47 to 52 so as to make a coherent

passage. Please write down the letters (A~F) before the paragraphs on your ANSWER SHEET.

 

Bed Confessions

BED. It’s something shared by men and women in more ways than one. BED, or Binge Eating Disorder, has become an emotional and health concern for men across the United States. This eating disorder, which affects more than 1 million men in America, has  only  recently  been  recognized  by  the  American  Psychiatric  Association  as  a disorder of its own, that needs further study.

Ninety-five percent of the U.S. population has cravings for “pleasure” or “comfort” foods.  The  other  five  percent  crave  alcohol,  cigarettes,  or  some  other  addictive    substance. Having cravings, and fulfilling them, is a natural human instinct.

(47)                                                                                                                            

A typical binge may include eating anywhere from 1000 to 15000 calories at a

time. In fact, it is not uncommon to actually have a “food hangover” the day following an especially large binge. The foods consumed are usually high in fat and are eaten in a relatively short period of time, putting an enormous amount of stress on the digestive and endocrine（内分泌的） systems. BED is different from the two other characteristic eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is a condition of slow, self starvation; bulimia is a binging and vomiting syndrome.

(48)                                                                                                                            

BED is a unique eating disorder, especially when it comes to men. While only 5% to 10% of people with anorexia and bulimia nervosa are male, it is estimated that BED  affects a much greater proportion of men. According to Dr. Anne Becker of the Harvard  Eating Disorders Center, “The ratio of females to males with this disorder is about 1.5  to 1.0 or about 40% men.” Dr. Becker adds, “Binge eating disorder has become more  recognizable by doctors as more attention is given to weight control in the clinical  setting.”

(49)  (50)  Unlike bulimia, where people eat and then purge, there is no counteraction to

bingeing. Therefore, weight gain is a likely effect. As noted above, men with BED are often overweight to begin with. The effects of BED on health include all the possible consequences of overweight or obesity—diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

(51)                                                                                                                             (52)                                                                                                                          

Treatment with medications such as antidepressants maybe helpful for some

individuals. Self-help groups also may be a source of support. Researchers are still trying to determine which method or combination of methods is the most effective in controlling binge eating disorder. The type of treatment that is best for an individual is a matter for discussion between the patient and his or her health care provider. Some organizations do provide professional and confidential treatment and information, such as the National Eating Disorders Organization, Overeaters Anonymous, and Males and Eating Disorders, etc..

 

A      There  are  some  common  characteristics  of  men  who  have  BED.  Most  are overweight, with a history of depression, low assertiveness, and poor  self-esteem. Similar to  all people with  eating  disorders, men with BED view themselves in  a negative light and allow food to control their lives in order to compensate for their lack of control in other areas such as work or family matters.

B      BED is formally characterized by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders  (DSM-IV) according to the following five criteria:

1)  Recurring binge eating   （暴食） episodes. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:

•   eating an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar amount of time under similar circumstances;

•   a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode.   2) The binge eating episodes are associated with the following:

•   eating much more rapidly than you usually would

•   eating until you feel uncomfortably full

•   eating large amounts of food when you don’t physically feel hungry

•   eating alone because of embarrassment at how much you are eating

•   feeling disgusted with yourself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating 3) Binge eating causes emotional and physical stress or remorse.

4) The binge eating occurs, on average, at least two days a week for six months or more.

5)  The binge eating is not followed by other inappropriate behaviors such as purging, fasting, excessive exercises and does not occur exclusively during episodes of other  eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa (神经性厌食症） or bulimia nervosa（神经性贪食症） .

C An ever more serious consequence is death. According to Dr. Ken Stephenson, a psychotherapist who specializes in treating males with eating disorders, “People with eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric patients.” Isn’t that a good enough reason to seek help now?

D Another common characteristic of men with BED is that they fail to address their own personal needs, and instead, turn to food. For these men, food can be a great sedative（镇静剂）  and a means of suppressing feelings of anger, guilt, despondency,

and sadness. Men with eating disorders tend to eat in private, not wanting to alert others to their habit. This increases the feelings of isolation and sadness, and creates another vicious cycle.

E Men with symptoms of BED need to seek treatment as soon as possible. The longer a person waits, the greater the risk to their health. Treatment of the disorder generally includes  cognitive-behavioral  or  interpersonal  therapy  performed  by  a  licensed clinician. Cognitive-behavioral therapy teaches patients techniques to monitor and change their eating habits as well as to change the way they respond to difficult situations. Interpersonal psychotherapy helps people examine their relationships with friends and family and make changes in problem areas.

F But BED is more than an occasional craving for a sweet snack. At first, eating may satisfy cravings. But eventually the eating becomes more and more frequent, and higher in calories and fat. This overeating leads to feelings of self-disgust and guilt, which may cause aperson to eat even more.

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