【标题速读】【nature】【2023年】【2月】

声明：本专栏主要对生命科学领域的一些期刊文章标题进行翻译，所有内容均由本人手工整理翻译。由于本人专业为生物分析相关，其他领域如果出现翻译错误请谅解。

1.Funky worm. The evolutionary origin of the limbless, worm-like amphibians known as caecilians is not well understood. In this week’s issue, Ben Kligman and his colleagues present fossils of the oldest-known caecilian, dating to 220 million years ago, which could help resolve the problem. The researchers identified the fossilized remains of some 76 caecilians in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. Named Funcusvermis gilmorei, the newly discovered species shows features found in the common ancestor of living caecilians as well as some found in an extinct group of four-legged amphibians called the dissorophoid temnospondyls. But F. gilmorei also lacks some features present in modern caecilians, which suggests it bridges the gap between modern caecilians and extinct tetrapods. An artist’s impression of F. gilmorei is shown in the foreground of the cover, together with the archosaur Acaenasuchus geoffreyi.

时髦的蠕虫。蚓螈是一种无肢、蠕虫状的两栖动物，其进化起源尚不清楚。在本周的期刊中，Ben Kligman 和他的同事展示了已知最古老的蚓螈化石，其历史可以追溯到 2.2 亿年前，这可能有助于解决这个问题。研究人员在亚利桑那州石化林国家公园的上三叠纪钦利组中发现了约 76 只蚓螈化石。这个新发现的物种被命名为Funcusvermis gilmorei，它具有现存蚓螈共同祖先的特征，以及在已灭绝的四足两栖动物类dissorophoid temnospondyls中发现的特征。但 F. gilmorei 也缺乏现代蚓螈中存在的一些特征，这表明它弥补了现代蚓螈和已灭绝的四足动物之间的差距。封面前景显示了艺术家对吉尔莫雷蜥蜴的印象，以及祖龙 Acaenasuchus geoffreyi。

2.How to make a mummy. The cover shows sarcophagi used to house the mummified remains of Ancient Egyptians in the Saqqara region of Egypt. Although the existence of mummies is well known, the details of how ancient embalmers practised their art have remained largely obscure. In this week’s issue, Maxime Rageot, Philipp Stockhammer and their colleagues draw on finds from an embalming workshop in Saqqara that dates to around 664–525 BC to reveal many of the details of the process. The researchers analysed 31 ceramic vessels found in the workshop. By combining biochemical analyses of the residues in the vessels with the inscriptions, such as “to be put on his head”, featured on many of them, they were able to establish which chemicals were used and how they were mixed, named and applied. The researchers also note that some of the embalming substances were imported from the Levant or even from south or southeast Asia, indicating that mummification might have helped to promote long-distance trade.

如何制作木乃伊。封面展示了埃及萨卡拉地区用来存放古埃及人木乃伊遗骸的石棺。尽管木乃伊的存在众所周知，但古代防腐师如何实践其艺术的细节仍然很模糊。在本周的期刊中，马克西姆·拉杰特 (Maxime Rageot)、菲利普·斯托克哈默 (Philipp Stockhammer) 和他们的同事利用萨卡拉一个防腐工作室（可追溯到公元前 664-525 年左右）的发现，揭示了该过程的许多细节。研究人员分析了车间里发现的 31 个陶瓷器皿。通过将容器中残留物的生化分析与许多容器上的铭文（例如“戴在头上”）相结合，他们能够确定使用了哪些化学品以及它们是如何混合、命名和应用的。研究人员还指出，一些防腐物质是从黎凡特甚至南亚或东南亚进口的，这表明木乃伊化可能有助于促进长途贸易。

3.Gone to earth. Using drones or planes to distribute plant seeds is a quick way to cover large or inaccessible areas in agriculture and reforestation. But aerial seeding can have relatively low germination rates because the seeds are not buried and so easily get blown away or eaten. In this week’s issue, Lining Yao and her colleagues present a potential solution to this problem in the shape of self-drilling seed carriers. The researchers took inspiration from Erodium, a genus of flowering plants whose seeds have coiled tails that unwind to allow the seeds to self-bury in the ground. The team used wood veneer to create a biodegradable seed carrier with three coiled tails that unwind when moistened. With two triggering cycles, the artificial seed carriers had an 80% success rate for getting seeds into flat ground, whereas the success rate for Erodium guinum was almost zero on the same terrain. The researchers note that their carriers could also be used to deliver fertilizer, fungi, or even sensors.

进入地面。使用无人机或飞机分发植物种子是覆盖大片或难以进入的农业和重新造林地区的快速方法。但空中播种的发芽率相对较低，因为种子没有被埋藏，很容易被风吹走或被吃掉。在本周的期刊中，姚丽宁和她的同事提出了一种解决这一问题的潜在解决方案，即自钻种子载体。研究人员从 Erodium 中获得灵感，Erodium 是一种开花植物，其种子具有卷曲的尾巴，可以展开，让种子自行埋入地下。该团队使用木板制作了一种可生物降解的种子载体，其具有三个卷曲的尾巴，在潮湿时可以展开。通过两个触发周期，人工种子载体将种子放入平地的成功率高达 80%，而鳅的成功率在同一地形上几乎为零。研究人员指出，它们的载体还可以用来运送肥料、真菌，甚至传感器。

4.Brave new worlds. In the short time since its launch in December 2021, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has generated plenty of headlines with stunning new images of the cosmos. But the telescope is about more than pictures and in this week’s issue, five papers present analyses of JWST data that demonstrate the instrument’s power in revealing fresh details about exoplanets. Between them, the teams of researchers made use of three different instruments on board the JWST — the Near InfraRed Camera, the Near InfraRed Spectrograph and the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph — to examine the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-39b. Collectively, they found signatures of water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium and potassium; determined the properties of clouds; and uncovered evidence of sulfur dioxide.

勇敢的新世界。自 2021 年 12 月发射以来的短时间内，美国宇航局的詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜 (JWST) 凭借令人惊叹的宇宙新图像占据了大量头条新闻。但这台望远镜的意义不仅仅是图片，在本周的期刊中，五篇论文介绍了对 JWST 数据的分析，证明了该仪器在揭示系外行星新细节方面的能力。研究人员团队利用 JWST 上的三种不同仪器——近红外相机、近红外光谱仪、近红外成像仪和无缝光谱仪——来检查系外行星 WASP-39b 的大气层。总的来说，他们发现了水、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、钠和钾的特征；确定云的特性；并发现了二氧化硫的证据。

5.Ultracold molecules find the sweet spot for collisions.

超冷分子找到了碰撞的最佳位置。

6.Spontaneous behaviour is shaped by dopamine in two ways.

多巴胺通过两种方式塑造自发行为。

7.Fast-evolving genomic regions underlie human brain development.

快速进化的基因组区域是人类大脑发育的基础。

8.Bacterial defence repurposed to fight blight.

细菌防御被重新用于对抗枯萎病。

9.Light tailors the electronic properties of a model semiconductor.

光可以调整模型半导体的电子特性。

10.Time of day shapes the success of a cancer treatment.

一天中的时间决定癌症治疗的成功与否。

11.From the archive: support for Darwin, and a metallic standard.

来自档案：对达尔文的支持，以及金属标准。

12.Serine deficiency causes complications in diabetes.

丝氨酸缺乏会导致糖尿病并发症。

13.A high-mass X-ray binary descended from an ultra-stripped supernova.

一颗高质量 X 射线双星源自一颗超剥离超新星。

14.Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino–proton scattering.

通过反中微子-质子散射测量轴向矢量形状因子。

15.A Feshbach resonance in collisions between triplet ground-state molecules.

三重态基态分子碰撞中的费什巴赫共振。

16.Field-linked resonances of polar molecules.

极性分子的场联共振。

17.Probing site-resolved correlations in a spin system of ultracold molecules.

探测超冷分子自旋系统中的位点解析相关性。

18.Tunable itinerant spin dynamics with polar molecules.

极性分子的可调巡回自旋动力学。

19.Pseudospin-selective Floquet band engineering in black phosphorus.

黑磷中的赝自旋选择性 Floquet 带工程。

20.Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer.

通过基于 2D 材料的层转移实现垂直全彩 micro-LED。

21.Non-epitaxial single-crystal 2D material growth by geometric confinement.

通过几何限制非外延单晶二维材料生长。

22.Long-range ordered porous carbons produced from C60.

由 C60 生产的长程有序多孔碳。

23.Triassic stem caecilian supports dissorophoid origin of living amphibians.

三叠纪干蚓螈支持现存两栖动物的异形起源。

24.Spontaneous behaviour is structured by reinforcement without explicit reward.

自发行为是通过强化而形成的，没有明确的奖励。

25.Insulin-regulated serine and lipid metabolism drive peripheral neuropathy.

胰岛素调节的丝氨酸和脂质代谢导致周围神经病变。

26.The person-to-person transmission landscape of the gut and oral microbiomes.

肠道和口腔微生物群的人际传播格局。

27.Dendritic cells direct circadian anti-tumour immune responses.

树突状细胞指导昼夜节律抗肿瘤免疫反应。

28.Programming multicellular assembly with synthetic cell adhesion molecules.

使用合成细胞粘附分子对多细胞组装进行编程。

29.Mitochondrial complexome reveals quality-control pathways of protein import.

线粒体复合体揭示了蛋白质输入的质量控制途径。

30.Visualization of translation and protein biogenesis at the ER membrane.

内质网膜翻译和蛋白质生物发生的可视化。

31.Antiviral signalling by a cyclic nucleotide activated CRISPR protease.

环核苷酸激活 CRISPR 蛋白酶的抗病毒信号传导。

32.Principles of mitoribosomal small subunit assembly in eukaryotes.

真核生物线粒体小亚基组装的原理。

33.GOT1 constrains TH17 cell differentiation, while promoting iTreg cell differentiation.

GOT1 限制 TH17 细胞分化，同时促进 iTreg 细胞分化。

34.Reply to: GOT1 constrains TH17 cell differentiation, while promoting iTreg cell differentiation.

回复：GOT1限制TH17细胞分化，同时促进iTreg细胞分化。

35.Recipes and ingredients for ancient Egyptian mummification.

古埃及木乃伊制作的配方和原料。

36.Light-activated catalysts point the way to sustainable chemistry.

光活化催化剂为可持续化学指明了道路。

37.From the archive: celebrating Faraday, and an appreciation of parasites.

来自档案：庆祝法拉第，以及对寄生虫的欣赏。

38.A planetary ring in a surprising place.

行星环位于一个令人惊讶的地方。

39.The extent and drivers of global wetland loss.

全球湿地丧失的程度和驱动因素。

40.Silence, escape and survival drive the persistence of HIV.

沉默、逃避和生存推动了艾滋病毒的持续存在。

41.Protein structure terminates doubt about how transcription stops.

蛋白质结构消除了人们对转录如何停止的疑问。

42.A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit.

位于洛希极限之外的海王星外天体类星体的致密环。

43.Pattern of global spin alignment of ϕ and K*0 mesons in heavy-ion collisions.

重离子碰撞中 phi 和 K*0 介子的全局自旋排列模式。

44.Spin-polarized spatially indirect excitons in a topological insulator.

拓扑绝缘体中的自旋极化空间间接激子。

45.Coherent correlation imaging for resolving fluctuating states of matter.

用于解决物质波动状态的相干相关成像。

46.Operando studies reveal active Cu nanograins for CO2 electroreduction.

操作研究揭示了用于 CO2 电还原的活性铜纳米颗粒。

47.Water splitting with silicon p–i–n superlattices suspended in solution.

利用悬浮在溶液中的硅 p-i-n 超晶格进行水分解。

48.Electrophotocatalytic oxygenation of multiple adjacent C–H bonds.

多个相邻 C-H 键的电光催化氧化。

49.Extensive global wetland loss over the past three centuries.

过去三个世纪全球湿地大面积丧失。

50.Biomolecular analyses enable new insights into ancient Egyptian embalming.

生物分子分析为古埃及防腐提供了新的见解。

51.Mesolimbic dopamine adapts the rate of learning from action.

中脑边缘多巴胺调节从行动中学习的速度。

52.Stigma receptors control intraspecies and interspecies barriers in Brassicaceae.

柱头受体控制十字花科的种内和种间屏障。

53.Phenotypic signatures of immune selection in HIV-1 reservoir cells.

HIV-1 储存细胞免疫选择的表型特征。

54.HIV silencing and cell survival signatures in infected T cell reservoirs.

受感染 T 细胞库中的 HIV 沉默和细胞存活特征。

55.Identification of astrocyte regulators by nucleic acid cytometry.

通过核酸细胞术鉴定星形胶质细胞调节因子。

56.Tissue CD14+CD8+ T cells reprogrammed by myeloid cells and modulated by LPS.

组织 CD14+CD8+ T 细胞由骨髓细胞重编程并由 LPS 调节。

57.A Prox1 enhancer represses haematopoiesis in the lymphatic vasculature.

Prox1 增强子抑制淋巴管系统中的造血作用。

58.Slow TCA flux and ATP production in primary solid tumours but not metastases.

减缓原发性实体瘤中的 TCA 通量和 ATP 产生，但不影响转移瘤。

59.mRNA ageing shapes the Cap2 methylome in mammalian mRNA.

mRNA 老化塑造了哺乳动物 mRNA 中的 Cap2 甲基化组。

60.Structural basis of Rho-dependent transcription termination.

Rho 依赖性转录终止的结构基础。

61.Concerns about data linking delta land gain to human action.

对将三角洲土地增加与人类活动联系起来的数据表示担忧。

62.Reply to: Concerns about data linking delta land gain to human action.

回复：对将三角洲土地增加与人类活动联系起来的数据的担忧。

63.Self-burying robot morphs wood to sow seeds.

自埋机器人通过变形木材来播种。

64.For optimal antibody effectiveness, sometimes less is more.

为了获得最佳抗体效果，有时少即是多。

65.How rare mutations contribute to complex traits.

罕见的突变如何导致复杂的性状。

66.Quantum avalanches wipe out the effects of disorder in interacting systems.

量子雪崩消除了相互作用系统中无序的影响。

67.High variability reveals complexity under Thwaites Glacier.

高变异性揭示了思韦茨冰川下的复杂性。

68.Fish fossil unfolds clues to vertebrate brain evolution.

鱼类化石揭示了脊椎动物大脑进化的线索。

69.Revisiting the Holocene global temperature conundrum.

重新审视全新世全球温度难题。

70.Spherical symmetry in the kilonova AT2017gfo/GW170817.

kilonova AT2017gfo/GW170817 中的球对称性。

71.Evidence for Dirac flat band superconductivity enabled by quantum geometry.

量子几何实现狄拉克平带超导性的证据。

72.Realization of a minimal Kitaev chain in coupled quantum dots.

耦合量子点中最小基塔耶夫链的实现。

73.Electronic metadevices for terahertz applications.

用于太赫兹应用的电子元器件。

74.A universal interface for plug-and-play assembly of stretchable devices.

用于可拉伸设备的即插即用组装的通用接口。

75.Autonomous self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding.

用于空中播种的自主自埋种子载体。

76.Heterogeneous melting near the Thwaites Glacier grounding line.

思韦茨冰川接地线附近的不均匀融化。

77.Suppressed basal melting in the eastern Thwaites Glacier grounding zone.

斯韦茨冰川东部接地区的基底融化受到抑制。

78.Exceptional fossil preservation and evolution of the ray-finned fish brain.

射线鳍鱼大脑的出色化石保存和进化。

79.Polygenic architecture of rare coding variation across 394,783 exomes.

394,783 个外显子组中罕见编码变异的多基因结构。

80.Reconstruction and deconstruction of human somitogenesis in vitro.

体外人类体节发生的重建和解构。

81.Reconstituting human somitogenesis in vitro.

体外重建人类体节发生。

82.Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution.

印记 SARS-CoV-2 体液免疫诱导 Omicron RBD 趋同进化。

83.Neonatal imprinting of alveolar macrophages via neutrophil-derived 12-HETE.

通过中性粒细胞衍生的 12-HETE 进行新生儿肺泡巨噬细胞印记。

84.Reducing affinity as a strategy to boost immunomodulatory antibody agonism.

降低亲和力作为增强免疫调节抗体激动作用的策略。

85.Single-cell spatial landscapes of the lung tumour immune microenvironment.

肺肿瘤免疫微环境的单细胞空间景观。

86.Single-cell spatial immune landscapes of primary and metastatic brain tumours.

原发性和转移性脑肿瘤的单细胞空间免疫景观。

87.Aberrant phase separation and nucleolar dysfunction in rare genetic diseases.

罕见遗传病中的异常相分离和核仁功能障碍。

88.Structure of the lysosomal mTORC1–TFEB–Rag–Ragulator megacomplex.

溶酶体 mTORC1–TFEB–Rag–Ragulator 巨型复合物的结构。

89.The case for standardizing gene nomenclature in vertebrates.

脊椎动物基因命名标准化的案例。

90.Reply to: The case for standardizing gene nomenclature in vertebrates.

回复：脊椎动物基因命名标准化案例。

91.Signs of ancient climate crisis as the Hittite empire unravelled.

随着赫梯帝国的瓦解，古代气候危机的迹象显现出来。

92.Tropical biodiversity linked to polar climate.

热带生物多样性与极地气候有关。

93.A twist in the bid to probe electrons in solids.

探测固体中电子的一个转变。

94.The Alzheimer’s risk gene APOE modulates the gut–brain axis.

阿尔茨海默病风险基因 APOE 调节肠-脑轴。

95.An oracle predicts regulators of cell identity.

预言机预测细胞身份的调节者。

96.JWST opens a window on exoplanet skies.

詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜打开了一扇了解系外行星天空的窗口。

97.CAR immune cells: design principles, resistance and the next generation.

CAR 免疫细胞：设计原理、耐药性和下一代。

98.Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere.

识别系外行星大气中的二氧化碳。

99.Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam.

使用 JWST NIRCam 早期发布系外行星 WASP-39b 的科学数据。

100.Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM.

使用 JWST NIRSpec PRISM 早期发布的系外行星 WASP-39b 科学。

101.Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H.

使用 JWST NIRSpec G395H 早期发布系外行星 WASP-39b 的科学数据。

102.Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRISS.

与 JWST NIRISS 一起早期发布系外行星 WASP-39b 的科学成果。

103.Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit.

通过缩放表面代码逻辑量子位来抑制量子错误。

104.The quantum twisting microscope.

量子扭曲显微镜。

105.Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene.

石墨烯中流体动力等离子体和能量波的观察。

106.Electrolyte design for Li-ion batteries under extreme operating conditions.

极端工作条件下锂离子电池的电解质设计。

107.Less extreme and earlier outbursts of ice-dammed lakes since 1900.

自 1900 年以来，冰坝湖泊的溃决程度较轻且较早。

108.Origination of the modern-style diversity gradient 15 million years ago.

现代风格的多样性梯度起源于1500万年前。

109.Late Cenozoic cooling restructured global marine plankton communities.

新生代晚期的冷却重组了全球海洋浮游生物群落。

110.Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 BC.

公元前 1198 年至 1196 年左右，严重的多年干旱与赫梯的崩溃同时发生。

111.The cellular coding of temperature in the mammalian cortex.

哺乳动物皮层温度的细胞编码。

112.A NPAS4–NuA4 complex couples synaptic activity to DNA repair.

NPAS4-NuA4 复合物将突触活动与 DNA 修复结合起来。

113.Dissecting cell identity via network inference and in silico gene perturbation.

通过网络推理和计算机基因扰动剖析细胞身份。

114.Influenza vaccination reveals sex dimorphic imprints of prior mild COVID-19.

流感疫苗接种揭示了先前轻度 COVID-19 的性别二态性印记。

115.Functional T cells are capable of supernumerary cell division and longevity.

功能性 T 细胞能够进行额外的细胞分裂并延长寿命。

116.Telomere-to-mitochondria signalling by ZBP1 mediates replicative crisis.

ZBP1 的端粒到线粒体信号传导介导复制危机。

117.De novo design of luciferases using deep learning.

使用深度学习从头设计荧光素酶。

118.Structural basis for substrate selection by the SARS-CoV-2 replicase.

SARS-CoV-2 复制酶底物选择的结构基础。

119.Structure and thiazide inhibition mechanism of the human Na–Cl cotransporter.

人Na-Cl协同转运蛋白的结构和噻嗪类抑制机制。