【标题速读】【nature】【2023年】【1月】
声明：本专栏主要对生命科学领域的一些期刊文章标题进行翻译，所有内容均由本人手工整理翻译。由于本人专业为生物分析相关，其他领域如果出现翻译错误请谅解。
1.Net loss. The past few decades have seen exponential growth in the volume of new scientific and technological knowledge. But, as Russell Funk and his colleagues reveal in this week’s issue, this increase in knowledge has not led to a similar spate of major advances — in fact, several big fields show signs of progress slowing. Analysing data on 45 million papers and 3.9 million patents published in the past six decades, the researchers find that both are becoming less disruptive of the status quo, leading to a web of knowledge that is less vibrant (visualized on the cover by the increasing simplification and washed out look of the threads). The team suggests that the slower rate of disruption might signal a fundamental shift in the nature of science and technology.
净亏损。过去几十年来，新科学技术知识的数量呈指数级增长。但是，正如拉塞尔·冯克（Russell Funk）和他的同事在本周的期刊中所揭示的那样，知识的增长并没有带来类似的重大进展——事实上，几个重大领域显示出进展放缓的迹象。通过分析过去 6 年来发表的 4500 万篇论文和 390 万项专利的数据，研究人员发现，两者对现状的破坏性都在减弱，从而导致知识网络不再那么活跃（封面上的内容越来越简单化并洗掉了螺纹的外观）。该团队认为，破坏速度减慢可能标志着科学和技术性质的根本转变。
2.Carried away. The flow of sediment across deserts, through rivers or along coasts transports vast quantities of granular material over huge distances. Understanding the mechanics of this movement has a wide range of applications including river and coastal restoration, pollution mitigation and even understanding past and present climates on other worlds. But developing accurate models for sediment transport has proved challenging. In this week’s issue, Eric Deal and his colleagues reveal that although many models consider grain size, grain shape also exerts a significant influence on sediment movement and might account for differences between previous models and measurements. The researchers have developed a theory that accounts for the effects of grain shape on drag and friction. Having verified the theory in the lab, they propose a shape-corrected law for sediment transport that they believe will provide more accurate results for natural sediment grains.
被带走。沉积物流经沙漠、河流或沿海，将大量颗粒物质输送到很远的地方。了解这种运动的机制具有广泛的应用，包括河流和海岸恢复、污染减轻，甚至了解其他世界过去和现在的气候。但事实证明，开发准确的沉积物输送模型具有挑战性。在本周的期刊中，埃里克·迪尔（Eric Deal）和他的同事透露，尽管许多模型考虑了颗粒尺寸，但颗粒形状也对沉积物运动产生了重大影响，并可能解释了先前模型和测量之间的差异。研究人员开发了一种理论来解释颗粒形状对阻力和摩擦的影响。在实验室验证了这一理论后，他们提出了一种沉积物传输的形状校正定律，他们相信这将为天然沉积物颗粒提供更准确的结果。
3.Lines of descent. The historic isolation of Finland’s population has resulted in a genetic make-up that is relatively homogeneous (as illustrated on the cover). In this week’s issue, two papers make use of Finland’s unique heritage to probe the genetics of disease. At the heart of this work is the FinnGen study, which aims to explore the genomes and health data of 500,000 Finns. The first paper analyses data from 224,737 Finns, finding 1,838 genetic variants that influence 681 different diseases. These include 702 potentially novel, low-frequency variant associations. The second paper focuses on recessive conditions — in which the genes inherited from each parent must both be defective to cause disease — finding a number of Finnish-specific associations and uncovering a larger complexity of genetic inheritance than previously appreciated.
血统线。芬兰人口历史上的隔离导致其基因组成相对同质（如封面所示）。在本周的期刊中，有两篇论文利用芬兰独特的遗产来探讨疾病的遗传学。这项工作的核心是 FinnGen 研究，旨在探索 50 万芬兰人的基因组和健康数据。第一篇论文分析了 224,737 名芬兰人的数据，发现了影响 681 种不同疾病的 1,838 种遗传变异。其中包括 702 个潜在新颖的低频变异关联。第二篇论文重点关注隐性病症（其中从父母双方继承的基因都必须有缺陷才能导致疾病），发现了许多芬兰特有的关联，并揭示了比以前认识到的更复杂的遗传遗传。
4.Stops making sense. When genes are read by ribosomes, stop codons act as punctuation, telling the ribosome when to halt protein synthesis. But in some protozoa, the base sequences that comprise stop codons can also encode amino acids, depending on where in the messenger RNA the codon appears. In this week’s issue, Leoš Shivaya Valášek and his colleagues reveal how these organisms recognize when codons should be read as an instruction to code and when as an order to stop. The researchers focused on a previously undescribed unicellular parasite called Blastocrithidia nonstop. They found that it has fundamental changes associated with the transfer RNA molecules that allow the ribosome to read stop codons as amino acids and so produce full-length proteins.
不再有意义了。当核糖体读取基因时，终止密码子充当标点符号，告诉核糖体何时停止蛋白质合成。但在一些原生动物中，包含终止密码子的碱基序列也可以编码氨基酸，具体取决于密码子在信使 RNA 中出现的位置。在本周的期刊中，Leoš Shivaya Valášek 和他的同事揭示了这些生物体如何识别何时应将密码子视为编码指令以及何时应将其视为停止命令。研究人员将注意力集中在一种以前未被描述过的单细胞寄生虫上，这种寄生虫被称为“Blastocrithidia”。他们发现它具有与转移RNA分子相关的根本性变化，使核糖体将终止密码子读取为氨基酸，从而产生全长蛋白质。
5.Heartbeat of brain tumours targeted.
脑肿瘤的心跳有针对性。
6.Senescent cells damage the body throughout life.
衰老细胞终生都会损害身体。
7.Global estimates of excess deaths from COVID-19.
全球因 COVID-19 导致的超额死亡人数估计。
8.From the archive: how kangaroo rats limit their salt intake, and searching for trout.
来自档案：袋鼠如何限制盐摄入量，以及寻找鳟鱼。
9.Electric switch found for a superconductor.
发现超导体的电开关。
10.How to feed the world while reducing nitrogen pollution.
如何在减少氮污染的同时养活世界。
11.The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
WHO 估计了与 COVID-19 大流行相关的超额死亡率。
12.Intracluster light is already abundant at redshift beyond unity.
星团内的光在红移范围内已经非常丰富，超出了统一值。
13.Photonic flatband resonances for free-electron radiation.
自由电子辐射的光子平带共振。
14.Coupled ferroelectricity and superconductivity in bilayer Td-MoTe2.
双层 Td-MoTe2 中的铁电性和超导性耦合。
15.Ultrathin quantum light source with van der Waals NbOCl2 crystal.
采用范德华 NbOCl2 晶体的超薄量子光源。
16.Hydroxamic acid pre-adsorption raises the efficiency of cosensitized solar cells.
异羟肟酸预吸附提高了共敏化太阳能电池的效率。
17.Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting.
光催化水分解太阳能制氢效率超过 9%。
18.A few-layer covalent network of fullerenes.
富勒烯的几层共价网络。
19.Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands.
以具有成本效益的方式缓解全球农田的氮污染。
20.Extreme redox variations in a superdeep diamond from a subducted slab.
来自俯冲板片的超深钻石的极端氧化还原变化。
21.Neogene burial of organic carbon in the global ocean.
全球海洋中新近纪有机碳的埋藏。
22.Recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer genomes.
人类癌症基因组的反复重复扩增。
23.Cortical–hippocampal coupling during manifold exploration in motor cortex.
运动皮层流形探索过程中的皮质-海马耦合。
24.A cortico-collicular circuit for orienting to shelter during escape.
用于在逃生时寻找庇护所的皮质-丘脑回路。
25.Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity.
小胶质细胞调节中枢神经系统髓磷脂的生长和完整性。
26.Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time.
随着时间的推移，论文和专利的破坏性越来越小。
27.NLR surveillance of pathogen interference with hormone receptors induces immunity.
NLR 对病原体干扰激素受体的监测可诱导免疫。
28.Periodic inhibition of Erk activity drives sequential somite segmentation.
Erk 活动的周期性抑制驱动顺序体节分割。
29.CLSTN3β enforces adipocyte multilocularity to facilitate lipid utilization.
CLSTN3β 强制脂肪细胞多室性以促进脂质利用。
30.Senescence atlas reveals an aged-like inflamed niche that blunts muscle regeneration.
衰老图谱揭示了一个类似衰老的发炎生态位，会阻碍肌肉再生。
31.Autonomous rhythmic activity in glioma networks drives brain tumour growth.
神经胶质瘤网络中的自主节律活动驱动脑肿瘤生长。
32.R-loop-derived cytoplasmic RNA–DNA hybrids activate an immune response.
R 环衍生的细胞质 RNA-DNA 杂交体可激活免疫反应。
33.BRD8 maintains glioblastoma by epigenetic reprogramming of the p53 network.
BRD8 通过 p53 网络的表观遗传重编程来维持胶质母细胞瘤。
34.Colliding neutron stars ring in a clue to puzzle of extreme matter.
碰撞的中子星为解开极端物质之谜提供了线索。
35.Mysterious Asgard archaea microbes reveal their inner secrets.
神秘的阿斯加德古细菌揭示了它们的内在秘密。
36.Nuclear reaction rules out sterile-neutrino hypothesis.
核反应排除了惰性中微子假说。
37.A mechanism for inheriting radiation-induced DNA damage.
遗传辐射引起的 DNA 损伤的机制。
38.From the archive: growing seeds by moonlight, and a shower of stars at sea.
来自档案：在月光和海上的星星雨下种植种子。
39.25th anniversary of the first known feathered dinosaurs.
第一个已知的有羽毛恐龙诞生 25 周年。
40.Kilohertz quasiperiodic oscillations in short gamma-ray bursts.
短伽马射线爆发中的千赫兹准周期振荡。
41.STEREO neutrino spectrum of 235U fission rejects sterile neutrino hypothesis.
235U 裂变的立体中微子谱拒绝了惰性中微子假说。
42.Unitary p-wave interactions between fermions in an optical lattice.
光学晶格中费米子之间的酉 p 波相互作用。
43.Enhanced superconductivity in spin–orbit proximitized bilayer graphene.
自旋轨道邻近双层石墨烯中增强的超导性。
44.Approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional semiconductor contacts.
接近二维半导体接触的量子极限。
45.An electric molecular motor.
电动分子马达。
46.A ligand insertion mechanism for cooperative NH3 capture in metal–organic frameworks.
金属有机框架中协同捕获 NH3 的配体插入机制。
47.Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene.
全新世期间南极洲西部的季节性气温。
48.Grain shape effects in bed load sediment transport.
颗粒形状对河床沉积物输送的影响。
49.Periclase deforms more slowly than bridgmanite under mantle conditions.
在地幔条件下方镁石的变形速度比桥镁石慢。
50.The molecular evolution of spermatogenesis across mammals.
哺乳动物精子发生的分子进化。
51.Locus coeruleus activity improves cochlear implant performance.
蓝斑活动可改善人工耳蜗的性能。
52.Pathogenic bacteria modulate pheromone response to promote mating.
致病菌调节信息素反应以促进交配。
53.Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon.
阿斯加德古菌中的肌动蛋白细胞骨架和复杂的细胞结构。
54.Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology.
蝙蝠生态的快速变化导致病原体溢出。
55.Integrated intracellular organization and its variations in human iPS cells.
人类 iPS 细胞的整合细胞内组织及其变异。
56.A DNA methylation atlas of normal human cell types.
正常人类细胞类型的 DNA 甲基化图谱。
57.Inheritance of paternal DNA damage by histone-mediated repair restriction.
组蛋白介导的修复限制导致父系 DNA 损伤的遗传。
58.Structural basis of broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
金黄色葡萄球菌广谱β-内酰胺耐药性的结构基础。
59.Structures and mechanisms of tRNA methylation by METTL1–WDR4.
METTL1-WDR4 tRNA 甲基化的结构和机制。
60.Structural basis of regulated m7G tRNA modification by METTL1–WDR4.
METTL1-WDR4 调节 m7G tRNA 修饰的结构基础。
61.Metabolism dictates the pace of development across species.
新陈代谢决定了物种的发育速度。
62.The β-selection step shapes T-cell identity.
β 选择步骤决定了 T 细胞的身份。
63.A neural strategy for directional behaviour.
定向行为的神经策略。
64.Vertical architecture improves performance of transistor family.
垂直架构提高了晶体管系列的性能。
65.Self-publishing is common among academic-journal editors.
自我出版在学术期刊编辑中很常见。
66.Broken mirror symmetry boosts current conversion in a superconductor.
破镜对称增强了超导体中的电流转换。
67.River ecosystem metabolism and carbon biogeochemistry in a changing world.
不断变化的世界中的河流生态系统代谢和碳生物地球化学。
68.Stellar initial mass function varies with metallicity and time.
恒星初始质量函数随金属丰度和时间而变化。
69.Magnetically mediated hole pairing in fermionic ladders of ultracold atoms.
超冷原子费米子梯中磁介导的空穴配对。
70.Preparing random states and benchmarking with many-body quantum chaos.
准备随机状态并用多体量子混沌进行基准测试。
71.Observation of intrinsic chiral bound states in the continuum.
连续体中固有手性束缚态的观察。
72.Giant spin polarization and a pair of antiparallel spins in a chiral superconductor.
手性超导体中的巨大自旋极化和一对反平行自旋。
73.Room-temperature magnetoresistance in an all-antiferromagnetic tunnel junction.
全反铁磁隧道结中的室温磁阻。
74.Octupole-driven magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic tunnel junction.
反铁磁隧道结中的八极驱动磁阻。
75.Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits.
用于互补电路的垂直有机电化学晶体管。
76.Modern temperatures in central–north Greenland warmest in past millennium.
格陵兰岛中北部的现代气温是过去千年以来最温暖的。
77.FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population.
FinnGen 提供来自表型良好的分离群体的遗传见解。
78.Mono- and biallelic variant effects on disease at biobank scale.
单等位基因和双等位基因变异对生物库规模疾病的影响。
79.Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences.
疫苗接种的经济激励不会产生意想不到的负面后果。
80.Synaptic gradients transform object location to action.
突触梯度将对象位置转换为动作。
81.Structured cerebellar connectivity supports resilient pattern separation.
结构化小脑连接支持弹性模式分离。
82.Metabolic regulation of species-specific developmental rates.
物种特异性发育速率的代谢调节。
83.Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir.
SARS-CoV-2 对 nirmatrelvir 产生耐药性的多种途径。
84.Pre-T cell receptor self-MHC sampling restricts thymocyte dedifferentiation.
前 T 细胞受体自身 MHC 采样限制胸腺细胞去分化。
85.A quantitative map of nuclear pore assembly reveals two distinct mechanisms.
核孔组装的定量图揭示了两种不同的机制。
86.RNA targeting unleashes indiscriminate nuclease activity of CRISPR–Cas12a2.
RNA 靶向释放 CRISPR-Cas12a2 的任意核酸酶活性。
87.Cas12a2 elicits abortive infection through RNA-triggered destruction of dsDNA.
Cas12a2 通过 RNA 触发的 dsDNA 破坏引发流产感染。
88.Cryo-EM structures of the active NLRP3 inflammasome disc.
活性 NLRP3 炎性体盘的冷冻电镜结构。
89.No stopping with a short-stem transfer RNA.
短茎转移 RNA 无需停止。
90.Unconventional tracers show that spring waters on Mount Fuji run deep.
非常规示踪剂显示，富士山的泉水流得很深。
91.First full views of a CRISPR-guided system for gene insertion.
CRISPR 引导的基因插入系统的首次完整视图。
92.Machine learning classifies catalytic-reaction mechanisms.
机器学习对催化反应机制进行分类。
93.Targets mapped for almost all human kinase enzymes.
几乎所有人类激酶的靶点均已绘制。
94.Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies.
对胎儿微生物组的质疑说明了低生物量微生物研究的陷阱。
95.Down-conversion of a single photon as a probe of many-body localization.
单光子的下转换作为多体定位的探针。
96.In-plane charged domain walls with memristive behaviour in a ferroelectric film.
铁电薄膜中具有忆阻行为的面内带电畴壁。
97.Attosecond field emission.
阿秒场发射。
98.A wearable cardiac ultrasound imager.
可穿戴心脏超声成像仪。
99.Regulating surface potential maximizes voltage in all-perovskite tandems.
调节表面电位可最大化全钙钛矿串联的电压。
100.Rotational multimaterial printing of filaments with subvoxel control.
具有亚体素控制的长丝旋转多材料打印。
101.Organic reaction mechanism classification using machine learning.
使用机器学习进行有机反应机理分类。
102.Social trauma engages lateral septum circuitry to occlude social reward.
社会创伤会影响侧隔膜回路，从而阻碍社会奖励。
103.Discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated people during the pandemic.
大流行期间对未接种疫苗的人的歧视态度。
104.A molecular network of conserved factors keeps ribosomes dormant in the egg.
保守因子的分子网络使核糖体在鸡蛋中保持休眠状态。
105.Undecaprenyl phosphate translocases confer conditional microbial fitness.
十一异戊二烯磷酸酯转位酶赋予有条件的微生物适应性。
106.Two broadly conserved families of polyprenyl-phosphate transporters.
聚异戊二烯磷酸转运蛋白的两个广泛保守的家族。
107.Antibody feedback regulates immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA 疫苗接种后抗体反馈调节免疫记忆。
108.γδ T cells are effectors of immunotherapy in cancers with HLA class I defects.
γδ T 细胞是具有 HLA I 类缺陷的癌症免疫治疗的效应器。
109.Short tRNA anticodon stem and mutant eRF1 allow stop codon reassignment.
短 tRNA 反密码子茎和突变体 eRF1 允许终止密码子重新分配。
110.An atlas of substrate specificities for the human serine/threonine kinome.
人类丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶组底物特异性图谱。
111.Structure-based design of bitopic ligands for the µ-opioid receptor.
µ-阿片受体双位配体的基于结构的设计。
112.Structures of the holo CRISPR RNA-guided transposon integration complex.
Holo CRISPR RNA 引导的转座子整合复合物的结构。
113.Structural basis for intrinsic transcription termination.
内在转录终止的结构基础。
