【木鱼微剧场】《十二怒汉》
902 words
---- Wikipedia
12 Angry Men
is a 1957 American courtroom drama film
directed by Sidney Lumet,
adapted from a 1954 teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose.
The film
tells the story of a jury of 12 men as they
deliberate the conviction or acquittal of an 18-year old defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt,
forcing the jurors to question their morals and values.
It
stars Henry Fonda (who also
produced the film with Reginald Rose), Lee J. Cobb, Ed Begley, E. G. Marshall, and Jack Warden.
12 Angry Men
explores many techniques of consensus-building and the difficulties
encountered in the process among this group of men whose range of personalities
adds to the intensity and conflict.
It also
explores the power one person has
to elicit change.
The jury members
are identified only by number; no names
are revealed until an exchange of dialogue at the very end.
The film
forces the characters and audience
to evaluate their own self-image through
observing the personality, experiences, and actions of the jurors.
The film
is also notable for its almost exclusive use of one set, where all but three minutes of the film
takes place.
The film
was selected as the second-best courtroom drama ever (after 1962's To Kill a Mockingbird) by the American Film Institute for their AFI's 10 Top 10 list.
It
is regarded by many as one of the greatest films ever
made.
In 2007, the film
was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as
being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
===================
---- www.house.gov
To ensure a separation of powers, the U.S. Federal government
is made up of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
To ensure the government
is effective and citizens' rights
are protected, each branch
has its own powers and responsibilities,
including working with the other branches.
https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained/branches-of-government
Legislative:
The legislative branch
is made up of the House and Senate,
known collectively as the Congress.
Among other powers, the legislative branch
makes all laws, declares war,
regulates interstate and foreign commerce and
controls taxing and spending policies.
The following
are legislative branch organizations:
Architect of the Capitol (AOC)
Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
government Accountability Office (GAO)
government Printing Office (GPO)
Library of Congress (LOC)
Office of Compliance
U.S. Senate
Executive:
The executive
branch consists of the President, his or her advisors and various departments and agencies.
This branch
is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land.
The following
are executive branch organizations and agencies:
Executive Office of the President (White House)
The President's Cabinet (Federal Agencies)
Independent Federal Agencies and Commissions
USAgov
The Federal Information Center (FIC)
USA Jobs
Judicial:
The judicial
branch consists of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Federal Judicial Center.
According to the constitution, "he judicial Power of the United States,
shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress
may from time to time
ordain and
establish."
The Federal Judicial Center
is the education and research agency for the federal courts.
================================
---- sites.psu.edu
The United States
has a unique governmental structure.
The United States' government
is often defined as a constitutional democracy.
First and foremost, this
means that the governmental structure
follows the guidelines of the constitution.
Signed on September 17th, 1787, the constitution
established an outline for an American democracy.
The point of a democratic government
is to represent “the people” of a country.
The goal
was to create a structure which
promotes inclusive and equal practices that
appeal to the majority while still
protecting minorities.
Additionally, this
calls for a fair and balanced system: a diffusion of power.
As
seen in the constitution, the United States also
has a federalist structure.
Therefore, all the power that
is not granted to the national government
is granted to the states.
And, in our system the central government
is divided into three branches
to spread out the power: the executive, the legislature and the judicial branches.
The founders, who
created the constitution, men such as Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and Smith,
divided the powers within the national government
to ensure the United States
wouldn't end up with a government similar to that of England; a government which the founders
believed
doesn't listen to the views of the majority and overextends its reach of power.
As a result, a main concern of the founders
was the possibility of one of the three governmental branches
holding all of the power in the national government.
https://sites.psu.edu/politicsaroundus/2017/02/16/what-is-happening-to-the-division-of-powers-in-the-us/
================================
----Wikipedia
Separation of powers
refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch
are not in conflict with those of the other branches.
The typical division
is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which
is the trias politica model.
It
can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in parliamentary and semi-Presidential systems, where the executive and legislative
branches overlap.
The intention behind a system of separated powers
is to prevent the concentration of power by providing for checks and balances.
The separation of powers model
is often imprecisely and metonymically
used interchangeably with the trias politica principle.
While the trias politica model
is a common type of separation, there
are governments that
have more or fewer than three branches.
############
