{"ops":[{"insert":"大灯好比一辆车的眼睛，影响着整车的设计风格，某个角度上也算是美丑的决定因素。进入正题之前先来看一组照片：\n\n两辆车是同样的型号，梅赛德斯-奔驰 E级(W 123)，上面是欧规车，下面是美规车，大灯有明显区别，哪个更好看一些？\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/976a8881615e23a76012efa17e7ccf12bb4e9738.jpg","width":600,"height":882,"size":344839,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"当年你死我活的三巨头有着“共同的眼睛”。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/36df68ced0aadb52e9956af3bd88a93cc8d61084.jpg","width":500,"height":934,"size":352375,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1957年卡迪拉克、克莱斯勒、纳什推动了一项新法律的通过，联邦政府允许了第二种大灯组合：四个5 3/4英寸圆灯，也就是四圆灯设计，很多美国品牌迫不及待采用新通过的大灯组合。\n\n56款与57款纽约客：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/96b6abf578d1dd3d8f7a6716c3d3b07a322e06d6.jpg","width":600,"height":943,"size":303699,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"与此同时已经在欧洲流行起来的矩形车灯在美国还是非法的，比如奔驰的全系车型。所以销售到美国的欧洲车不得不入乡随俗，有的转化为双圆灯，有的转化为四圆灯。\n\n美规奔驰SL级(W 113)与S级(W 111)的大灯分别由矩形走向双圆灯和四圆灯。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/d13fd146a03d40733f838fb8f66643d372445413.jpg","width":600,"height":484,"size":167851,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n千万不要觉得这只是车厂为了增加销量而做的一点妥协——法律逆向改变了全球汽车品牌的大灯乃至整车外观设计，不是设计师在设计大灯，而是法律在设计大灯，这种影响在美国尤其明显。今天你可以在57款和58款克尔维特间随性的说“我喜欢四眼的58款”但如果当时法律不通过，你就没得选，在1957年之前，估计也没有多少人幻想过驾驶一辆四眼克尔维特。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/5cbcc67534ccb328d4aed43e09362579656a073d.jpg","width":600,"height":737,"size":308976,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1968年美国联邦汽车设备安全法规颁布，新规更加苛刻，除规定只有已有的两种车灯组合才被法律允许外，还要求大灯前面不能有任何遮挡物或装饰品。\n\n什么是遮挡物或装饰品？比如雪铁龙DS21，与车身相称的流线型灯罩看上去也很美，可是美国法律不允许，你只能把灯罩去掉，让车的风阻变大。这些法规不仅让车商、也让车主们怨声载道\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/38ad10695350e3acf4ac72d302b1a1f03444f5f6.jpg","width":396,"height":328,"size":90939,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"为适应美国法规，美洲虎E-Type S1原有的灯罩在1968年推出的S2上取消，此举导致全球范围内的S2以及之后的S3都受到牵连，实为设计的倒退。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f9a69eb8e224d19419841c3b9a6fb189ea9177c7.jpg","width":600,"height":1394,"size":530771,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n正是因为对反空气动力学大灯的抱怨，汽车大灯的重要一支——隐藏式大灯在60年代迅速流行起来。\n\n1962年的莲花Elan是第一款为规避风阻采用隐藏式大灯的车型。这种设计非常巧妙，大灯不用时可以翻转回光滑的曲面，减小圆形立灯带来的空气阻力，而随时可以弹出的7英寸圆形大灯又符合美国法规。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f88ea310ffe5148b6af156fe465d1f5f0e6bc3d6.jpg","width":600,"height":408,"size":131686,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"墙内开花墙外香，1963年，克尔维特C2的隐藏式大灯在空气动力学的重灾区美国引起轰动，其它品牌纷纷效仿。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3b1a5860cf3c9f9c685e989edcbace4637d0bd1c.jpg","width":600,"height":940,"size":404695,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"在道奇Charger这种垂直车头的车上，隐藏式大灯更为流行。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/22b7f6e6b65c447717b186cfe9d414fd6c95c803.jpg","width":600,"height":653,"size":280156,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"别克里维埃拉、林肯大陆马克、道奇摩纳哥：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/14e4901cf2a9e2dbdc7b4c7b05b2b5656d8f16eb.jpg","width":550,"height":1272,"size":460281,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"对于法拉利365 GTB这样注重空气动力造型的超级跑车，跳灯的作用更加明显。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ca29de494a4c0e6eb6535c31fcd8f28d7fc80d1a.jpg","width":600,"height":933,"size":328041,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"回到双圆灯和四圆灯，这种局限一直持续到1974年。试想一下，美国是很多欧洲品牌最大的出口市场，大灯的法规必将牵制无数的欧洲汽车设计，如果不是因为矩形大灯迟迟不被美国法律允许(很多美国品牌的矩形大灯设计已经憋了很多年)，宝马、美洲虎、劳斯莱斯这些以圆灯作为家族设计的品牌会不会早早改用欧洲流行的矩形车灯，而丢弃如今看来的传统？\n\n举个例子，宝马E3于1968年推出，当时这款车要是想卖到美国只有两个选择：双眼或四眼；到1994年生产的E32，车灯依旧是5 3/4英寸的圆形。1994年的车灯在1957年就已经设计好了，四眼设计看上去并不是自愿的。如果没有法规强制，宝马的设计会在50年前走向何方？\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/7ed752f279bdfc519ee4fa1c3da821c7271b7983.jpg","width":600,"height":1223,"size":460177,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"美洲虎XJ系列自1968年至2003年的美规车型，车灯尺寸完全一样。在强制性面前，传统似乎是妥协的掩饰。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b5deee067428d1bae2eb2fb0e616dca3f12db846.jpg","width":600,"height":947,"size":376123,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"没有规矩不成方圆这句话在此时显得非常精辟，1974年通过的矩形大灯照样是有尺寸限制的，大灯必须由两个7.5 x 5.6英寸的矩形取代之前的两个7英寸圆灯，或由四个6.5 x 3.9英寸的矩形取代之前的四个5 3/4英寸圆灯。相同的尺寸很难在设计上做出较大区别，所以那个年代的美国车在非车迷眼中大同小异。\n\n矩形的出现，74款与75款帝威——这次只有通用最积极，福特和克莱斯勒反应平淡，而欧洲车厂干脆不买账。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6a3fd89d920daae5d2746ee6988d227b6d61093b.jpg","width":600,"height":967,"size":347981,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大部分销售到美国的欧洲车都没有选择尺寸死板的矩形大灯，而是继续双圆灯或四圆灯设计。\n\n美洲虎XJS在美国改为四圆灯\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e2a5c5c0218dc4b4fc410dabbb37108280d2d55f.jpg","width":600,"height":939,"size":369671,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"奥迪和沃尔沃采取的方案与奔驰类似。\n\n奥迪100与美国市场的奥迪5000：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/663827f2e5d9410adc0f707af4f1bf4a9de9db82.jpg","width":600,"height":951,"size":321456,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"欧洲与美国的沃尔沃244：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/daa64a7da7accc5de4f033b0957d129298aad72b.jpg","width":600,"height":714,"size":282227,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"欧洲与美国的沃尔沃244：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6f53b99a2c5cf6dd61d3dd20c0cfc4f6d8037456.jpg","width":600,"height":835,"size":373894,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"74款道奇摩纳哥与77款奔驰 450 SEL 6.9。两款车的大灯其实是一样的，奔驰大灯圆形之外的部分只是装饰。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c28da9a3d00c2a47844558bb683579e296d4bd0f.jpg","width":600,"height":391,"size":116214,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"宝马7系(E23)与劳斯莱斯银刺，真正的亮点也许是法律面前两款车共同的妥协。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/03b106bb074953d758e6d1dbd27ce56dc9cb4c4a.jpg","width":600,"height":404,"size":188147,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1974年的另一条新规让隐藏式大灯中的跳灯发展起来，成为了跑车们打法律擦边球的利器。众所周知，跑车车身低矮，因此多数跑车的大灯无法达到美国新要求的24英寸最低高度，而将隐藏式大灯设在车头顶部跳起后正好可以增加大灯高度，是十分喜闻乐见的设计。\n\n法拉利308 GTB与凯旋TR-7的跳灯，为降低车身争取了机会。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/69bfe11649796eb541f7e7e56d4c8715eb9d803d.jpg","width":600,"height":573,"size":211089,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"MGB这样的小车就没有那么幸运了，为达到1974年规定的大灯最低高度，不得不将底盘垫高了1英寸，在合法的同时也牺牲了美感。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/33463ced157d5b0ce674748e3a595fadb4175347.jpg","width":600,"height":921,"size":352090,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"虽然跳灯可以隐藏不用，但里面的大灯造型还必须遵守美国标准，所以不管是法拉利还是兰博基尼，它们的眼睛睁开后是一样的。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/02b2280b3fd01e463fcd0338d36bc89822fab895.jpg","width":600,"height":866,"size":368919,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"掌握跳灯这一秘诀的人多了，必然造成品牌识别度的降低\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a8ed9ea4e1681b9ab3a05f952cf180059ab67456.jpg","width":550,"height":1643,"size":530783,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"此外，80年代初几乎市场上所有的美国车都采用同样尺寸的四方灯，车灯同质化加剧了品牌识别度降低的局面。\n\n卡迪拉克帝威与福特LTD：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ee67fbc7b14a0f5107c4d9ca92b93961c428befa.jpg","width":600,"height":838,"size":309616,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"林肯大陆与克莱斯勒男爵：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/4797ae7225336e349176e2dba906adacb84a9b5b.jpg","width":600,"height":866,"size":235706,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1983年，美国汽车大灯法规发生了革命性的变化，福特公司于1981年递交的请愿书获得通过，死守44年的老旧法律终于被推翻，复合型大灯在美国获得了自由。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c7491a6809dd5508307d788dc6b89cf197d48570.jpg","width":600,"height":403,"size":145422,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1984款林肯大陆马克VII成为美国历史上第一款采用复合大灯的汽车，根据福特的建议，联邦法律同意使用聚碳酸酯镜片和横向灯丝灯泡，所有灯组集成为大灯总成，塑料大灯外壳迅速普及\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/9571f4797741b5a2e510b0b8fac1e55a5826a8f2.jpg","width":600,"height":1376,"size":463750,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"通用比较消极，老式大灯继续用了很多年。\n\n1985年推出的奔驰E级(W 124)是1984年法案的第一批欧洲受益者，美规车首次摆脱了圆灯的困扰，但造型和欧规车相比有了新的区别。因为封闭式光束大灯还是必备的，欧洲车型上的H4卤素灯泡在美国不获准使用。尽管美规大灯现在可以在外观上和欧规车做到相近，但实质还是一个套着塑料框的封闭式光束大灯\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/107ffa8971119450cc0ff447ca16e9de2622316a.jpg","width":583,"height":392,"size":140178,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"美规大灯在奔驰S级(W 126)上的进化，虽然不再采用强制尺寸的灯具，但塑料外框是必备的\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/830297a2e8e5033ee1f32035a8582c40cc34bf64.jpg","width":576,"height":935,"size":325123,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"捷达就非常幸运。MK1还是四方灯，到了MK2时恰好是1984年，再加上欧规大灯本身就是非组合式，可以直接改造成封闭式光束，所以最终美规和欧规大灯在外观上没有区别。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/38da13b454779f32f7ab5833be9f236eb967fc5f.jpg","width":600,"height":944,"size":380184,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"再举个亲切的例子，美国市场上的大众量子(亦称宽腾) 也就是我们熟知的桑塔纳，最早采用四方灯，1985年改款的车灯恢复成欧洲造型，但颠倒了前照灯与雾灯的位置。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/d79e69b14ba561cf0a6c3cb15b97bad54f24b0cc.jpg","width":600,"height":942,"size":350381,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"最终的决定性变化在1992年。\n\n这一年，美国准许欧洲通行的H4卤素灯泡在车灯上使用，看似只是小小的灯泡，但它能改变一款车的车灯造型。也就是说美规车的大灯可以采用与欧规车相同的原理，不再采用封闭式光束，以灯罩作为镜头，大灯造型在美国获得了真正的、完全的自由。\n\n奔驰最后一款受美国法规约束的大灯(来自R 129 SL级)和第一款不受约束的大灯(来自W 140 S级) 其中W 140大灯的外观与欧规车是一样的，而R 129依旧包着塑料框。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3a2ef823aec18c16fe98bb12060a8fe1fee74c02.jpg","width":559,"height":700,"size":248030,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大灯进入自由时代后，各圆灯拥护品牌分道扬镳。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/1ae8d79871003e6babf05d80bdefdb8e2c65cca8.jpg","width":600,"height":1356,"size":432322,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大灯进入自由时代后，各圆灯拥护品牌分道扬镳。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/44f9a813adb03bcc1af6d2ac272849fcfae29ba8.jpg","width":578,"height":1083,"size":385373,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"2004年，最后一款有跳灯设计的汽车克尔维特C5停产，跳灯永远告别了汽车设计。\n\n跳灯的流行，美国的大灯法规功不可没。曾几何时，跳灯只是一个功利性设计，但它成为了几代车的设计象征，在不知道它功用的人看来，跳灯很酷，如今得知跳灯因法律流行，又因法律没落，是不是有些悲伤。\n\n纵观历史，其它车灯又何尝不是如此？\n\n从一元到多元，四眼造型在自由时代失宠。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3447a7cd85178f6fdb053590b88a8fe5cd996725.jpg","width":600,"height":948,"size":398086,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"最后一张图，是911系列前三代车的拼合(901/G-Series/964) 三辆车的车灯天衣无缝，有人因此批评保时捷的守旧，也有人对此传统津津乐道。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b53f9482e12a1ec72f255a8d5127d6172c532236.jpg","width":600,"height":288,"size":84972,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"不变的7英寸车灯，事实是残酷法律的捆绑。美国法律对汽车设计所做的，就像是给小孩子戴眼镜，成为一种习惯(传统)后，再也改不掉。\n\n也许我们就始终沉迷于一系列为美国法律服务的车灯设计，我们就无知的接受着汽车设计的巨大骗局，并且乐此不疲。\n"}]}
标签：
