【翻译】地中海东部希腊海的大抹香鲸（气孔鲸属·大型头颅种）的饮食习性

地中海东部希腊海的大抹香鲸（气孔鲸属·大型头颅种）的饮食习性
Feeding habits of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Greek Seas, Eastern Mediterranean
【2016年/3月 著】



资料来源：https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304933445



埃里亚斯·福斯科洛斯/Elias Foskolos、阿玛莉亚·阿尔贝里尼/Amalia Alberini、帕拉斯科维·亚历克夏杜/Paraskevi Alexiadou、亚历山德罗斯·弗兰兹/Alexandros Frantzis 著

引言/Introduction

我们对来自地中海的大抹香鲸的死因的信息仅来自对两个胃内容物的分析（Roberts，2003; Garibaldi ＆ Podestà，2014）。该研究是基于对来自希腊海岸的六种胃内容物的分析。

Our knowledge regarding the diet of Mediterranean sperm whales comes from the analysis of only two stomach contents (Roberts, 2003 ; Garibaldi & Podestà, 2014). This study is base don the analysis of six stomach contents from animals stranded along the Greekc oasts



取样方式/Methods

在2005年至2014年之间，共收集了五种胃内容物和一部分（由于撞船事故）。对胃容物中的鱿鱼尸骸的具体物种鉴定主要以下部喙特征来辨别，并对这些鱿鱼下喙长度（LRL）以使用游标卡尺测量过，精确准度到0.05毫米。在胃内容物的聚类分析研究显示出每种猎物的数量多样性，同样也借用两本相关出版论文的数据（Roberts，2003； Garibaldi ＆ Podestà，2014）。

Between 2005 and 2014, five entire stomach contents and one partial(due to a ships trike) were collected. Squid remains were identified to the species level, mainly via their lower beaks. Lower Rostral Length (LRL) was measured to the nearest 0.05 mm with a Vernier caliper. Numerical abundance of each prey was used for Cluster analysis of stomach contents. Data from both relevant publications (Roberts, 2003; Garibaldi & Podestà, 2014) were also used.



结果/Results

目前已知大抹香鲸胃内容物的食物（图2）仅由头足类动物残骸组成：主要是喙部，但也有"眼镜"、胴体、冠部和整个动物全身。在3具大抹香鲸尸骸的胃容物中还发现了塑料碎片案例（袋子，渔网，绳索等）（图2），并确认一只鲸鱼的死因是胃容物含有85个以下塑料物品。从地中海这些大抹香鲸尸骸的胃容物中总共发现23501个上喙和18430个下喙（表1），由于这些头足纲的喙部被大抹香鲸的胃酸消化给破坏，估计有13.02％鱿鱼下喙已遗失。从这些头足纲的上喙残骸和下喙残骸鉴定出来自9个不同科的11种物种（十腕型超目/Decapodiformes有10种，八腕型超目/Octopodiformes则有1种）（图3）。就数量而言，迄今为止，Histioteuthis bonnellii和Histioteuthis reversa是上述大抹香鲸尸骸胃容物中，占据比例最丰富的猎物物种（图3）。在上述所有的大抹香鲸尸骸的胃容物中发现都有Histioteuthis bonnellii、Histioteuthis reversa and Octopoteuthis sicula的尸骸。在其中一个大抹香鲸尸骸胃容物被发现其他尸骸个体没有的"独家"三种猎物物种（Chtenopteryx sicula、Ommastrephes bartramii和Octopus vulgaris）。关于Histioteuthis bonnellii体型测量，最大个体的下喙长度（LRL）是最小个体的十倍。对于所有比较常见的猎物物种，下喙长度（LRL）和估算的胴体长度（ML）都有很大的数值差异（表2）。这些大抹香鲸根据生前食性而被分类成三个不同群体（图4），并测量出不同个体之间的身长差异：成年/亚成年的雄性个体（身长9.67~12.8m）、成年/亚成年雌性个体（长7.9m）和幼兽个体（长5.35-5.93m）。

Food items of sperm whale stomach contents(Fig.2) consisted exclusively of cephalopod remains : mainly beaks, but also eye lenses, mantles, crowns and one entire animal. Plasticdebris(bags, fishingnets, ropesetc.) was presentin three cases(Fig.2) and was identifiedas cause of death in one whale(>85 plastic items). In total, 23501 upper beaks and 18430 lower beaks were found(Table1). 2399 lower beaks(13.02%) remained unidentified due to morphological damage. Eleven cephalopod species (10 squid and one octopod species) from nine different families were identified(Fig.3). Histioteuthis bonnellii and Histioteuthis reversa were by far the most abundant prey species in terms of numbers(Fig.3). Only Histioteuthis bonnellii, Histioteuthis reversa and Octopoteuthis sicula were found in all stomachs. Three species were found in one stomach each(Chtenopteryx sicula, Ommastrephes bartramii and Octopus vulgaris).For Histioteuthis bonnellii, maximum LRL was almost ten times larger than minimum. Both LRL and estimated mantle length(ML) varied greatly for all common species(Table2). Adult/sub adult males(length9.67-12.8m), adult/subadult female(length 7.9m) and calves(length 5.35-5.93m) were classified as three different groups according to Cluster analysis of their diet(Fig.4).



图1. A为在希腊发现过的大抹香鲸搁浅地点，小地图上显示了含有胃容物信息的地中海抹香鲸尸体样本。B为编号为Hf1的大抹香鲸尸骸。

Figure 1. A: Stranding sites of analyzed whales in Greece.The small map shows all the Mediterranean specimens for which stomach contents are available. B Whale with code Hf1.

图2. 图中显示了来自于大抹香鲸编号Hf2原本的胃容物，包括一个塑料袋、鱿鱼肉、喙和"眼镜"。

Figure 2. Stomach content of whale Hf2. One plasticbag, squid flesh, beaks and eye lenses are shown.

图3. 来自不同六具搁浅大抹香鲸尸骸的胃容物中的每种猎物比例数字的丰度饼图，以百分比表示。

Figure 3. Pie charts of numerical abundance for each preys pecies in the six stomach contents as %.

图4. 所有八具搁浅大抹香鲸尸骸的胃容物中的猎物种类的数量树状图。编号显示这些大抹香鲸们生前滞留过的区域（L：利古里亚海，H：希腊海沟，A：爱琴海）和大抹香鲸的性别（m：雄性，f：雌性）。

Figure 4. Dendrogram of prey species' numerical abundance in all eight stomachs. Sample code refers to stranding area (L: Ligurian Sea, H: Hellenic Trench, A: AegeanS ea) and to thewhale's gender (m: male , f: female).

表1：来自于不同6具的搁浅大抹香鲸尸骸的各个胃内容物中，猎物种类（Nsp）的数量以及猎物的下喙（NL）和上喙的数量（NU）。

Table 1: Number of prey species(Nsp) and number of lower(NL) and upper beaks(NU) inall six stomach contents.



表2：所有猎物的LRL(下喙长度)和ML(胴长)范围（以下长度以mm计算）。

Table 2: LRL and ML range(mm) for all prey species.