【简译】托德西利亚斯条约（葡萄牙与西班牙）

2022-09-03 15:46 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (Tordesilhas) was an agreement between the monarchs of Spain and Portugal to divide the world between them into two spheres of influence. The imaginary dividing line ran down the centre of the Atlantic Ocean, leaving the Americas to Spain and West Africa and anything beyond the Cape of Good Hope to Portugal.

1494年《托德西利亚斯条约》（Tordesilhas）是西班牙和葡萄牙君主之间的一项协议，他们将世界划分为两个势力范围。这条想象中的分界线沿着大西洋的中心，把美洲划给西班牙，把西非和好望角以外的地区划给葡萄牙。

The agreement between the two states was fully tested when the Spanish found a maritime route to Asia via the Pacific Ocean, Spain conquered the Aztecs and Incas, Portugal sailed into the Indian Ocean and beyond, and settlements were established in Portuguese Brazil. With this colonial expansion, the two kingdoms squabbled over states and peoples that had never even heard of these two small countries at the end of Europe.

当西班牙人找到了一条通过太平洋通往亚洲的海上航线，西班牙征服了阿兹特克人和印加人；葡萄牙人驶入印度洋及其他地区，并在葡萄牙-巴西建立了定居点时，这两个国家之间的协议受到了严峻考验。随着殖民扩张，这两个王国为那些甚至从未听说过这两个位于欧洲尽头的小国的国家和人民争吵不休。

北大西洋

The Portuguese started modestly with their empire-building, first colonizing the uninhabited North Atlantic Island groups of Madeira from 1420, the Azores from 1439, and Cape Verde from 1462. When the treacherous Cape Bojador was navigated in 1434 by the explorer Gil Eannes, the Portuguese were able to access the trade and resources in West Africa without dealing with Islamic North African traders. The new king, John II of Portugal (r. 1481-1495), pushed for more and so São Tomé and Principe were colonized from 1486. However, yet another island group, the inhabited Canary Islands, were prized by both Spain and Portugal, and the colonial competition heated up considerably.

葡萄牙帝国建设的起步不大， 1420年-无人居住的北大西洋岛群马德拉岛、1439年-亚速尔群岛、1462年-佛得角，这三处地方是葡萄牙人较早的殖民地。1434年，当探险家吉尔·伊恩斯（Gil Eannes）在险恶的波哈多角航行时，葡萄牙人发现此处能进入西非，直接进行贸易和资源掠夺，而无需与伊斯兰的北非商人打交道。葡萄牙的新国王约翰二世（1481-1495年）推动海外殖民，因此葡萄牙人于1486年开始在圣多美和普林西比展开殖民活动。然而，另一个岛群——有人居住的加那利群岛，被西班牙和葡萄牙视为珍宝相互争夺，殖民竞争愈发激烈。

Prince Henry the Navigator (aka Infante Dom Henrique, 1394-1460) had organised the Portuguese expeditions to explore and develop the North Atlantic islands but his ambitions in the Canaries were repeatedly thwarted. Spanish forces and the indigenous Guanches repelled the Portuguese three times, but the matter remained unsettled. Spain and Portugal were at war between 1474 and 1479, and this period saw a brief occupation of Santiago in the Cape Verde group by Spanish forces. The war came to a close with the peace treaty of Alcáçovas-Toledo (1479-80), an agreement which also saw the first attempts to settle which geographical areas should belong to the Spanish and which to the Portuguese. Spain’s claim over the Canaries was recognised, as was Portugal’s over Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, and all trade in West Africa.

航海家亨利王子（又名Infante Dom Henrique，1394-1460）曾组织葡萄牙探险队探索和开发北大西洋岛屿，但他在加那利群岛的野心却屡屡受挫。西班牙军队和当地的古安切人三次击退了葡萄牙人，但竞争仍然没有结束。西班牙和葡萄牙在1474年至1479年间处于战争状态，在此期间，西班牙军队曾短暂占领佛得角群岛的圣地亚哥。战争随着《阿尔卡索瓦什和约》（1479-80）的签订而结束，该协议也首次尝试解决哪些地理区域应属于西班牙，哪些属于葡萄牙。西班牙对加那利群岛的主张得到了承认，葡萄牙对马德拉、亚速尔群岛、佛得角和西非所有贸易的主张也得到了承认。

美洲地区

In the final years of the 15th century, the world suddenly became a whole lot bigger for Europeans. The first step was made in 1488 by the Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias who sailed down the coast of West Africa and made the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of the African continent (now South Africa). In 1492, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) ’discovered’ the Americas continent blocking what he thought was a maritime route to Asia. Columbus had sailed representing the Spanish Crown, and King Ferdinand II of Spain, king of Aragon (r. 1479-1516), and his wife Queen Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474-1504) were keen to claim this new land for themselves and block out any competition from European rivals. To that end, the Spanish royals petitioned the help of Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) who, perhaps significantly, was Spanish. The pope obliged and issued a papal bull in 1493 declaring that the world should be divided by an imaginary line running between the north and south pole (as we would describe it today), cutting through an area 100 leagues (around 400 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Everything to the west of this line was Spain’s and everything to the east Portugal’s in terms of colonies now or in the future. There was the important clause that if a new Christian kingdom was discovered, neither country could claim any sovereignty over it.

在15世纪末，世界对欧洲人来说突然变得很大。1488年，葡萄牙航海家巴尔托洛梅乌·迪亚士迈出了第一步，他沿着西非海岸航行，首次绕过非洲大陆南端的好望角（现在的南非）。1492年，克里斯多福·哥伦布（1451-1506）发现了美洲大陆，堵住了他认为通往亚洲的海上通道。哥伦布代表西班牙王室出海，西班牙国王费迪南德二世、阿拉贡国王（1479-1516年）和他的妻子卡斯蒂利亚女王伊莎贝拉一世（1474-1504年）热衷于为自己的国家争取这片新土地，并阻止欧洲对手的任何竞争。为此，西班牙王室向教皇亚历山大六世（1492-1503年）请求帮助，这与他西班牙人的身份有很大关系。教皇答应了，并在1493年发布了教皇诏书，宣布世界应该由一条在南北极之间的假想线来划分（正如我们今天所描述的那样），该线穿过佛得角群岛以西100里格（约400英里）的地区。这条线以西的一切都属于西班牙，以东的一切都属于葡萄牙现在或将来的殖民地。有一个重要的条款是，如果发现了一个新的基督教王国，两国都不能对其主张任何主权。

Neither side was entirely satisfied with the location of the line or the vagueness regarding the future acquisition of undiscovered lands. Diplomats from both sides pushed for a rethink. Spain had the potential riches of the Americas, Portugal the stronger navy. Cartographers and representatives from both Spain and Portugal, along with a papal envoy to act as mediator, met to discuss what to do next. The location for the meeting was a small town in northwest Spain: Tordesillas.

双方都对该线的位置或关于未来获得未发现土地的模糊性不完全满意。双方的外交官都推动了再次讨论。西班牙拥有美洲的潜在财富，葡萄牙拥有更强大的海军。来自西班牙和葡萄牙的制图师和代表，以及充当调解人的教皇特使，开会讨论下一步该怎么做。会议的地点是西班牙西北部的一个小镇——托尔德西利亚斯。

条约条款

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed on 7 June 1494. Essentially, the decision of Pope Alexander’s bull was maintained, but the line of demarcation was shifted a little westward. To be precise, the line moved to 370 leagues west of Cape Verde, approximately 46 degrees 30’ West. This meant the line ran down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, roughly equidistant between the Cape Verde islands and the West Indies, but it was an approximate and entirely imaginary line as cartographers at the time had no means of measuring longitude. This meant that in practical terms, when actually at sea, mariners could not say for sure if they had crossed the line. Another complication was that the treaty did not specifically specify where the line stopped. Did it go all around the globe to the soon-to-be-discovered Pacific Ocean? Nor did the line consider practical geographical matters such as coastlines, lakes or mountains, and certainly local populations and their own tribal or political borders were not considered at all.

《托德西利亚斯条约》于1494年6月7日签署。从本质上讲，教皇亚历山大的诏书决定得到了维持，但分界线向西移了一点。分界线移至佛得角以西370里格，约为西经46度30分。这意味着这条分界线沿着大西洋的中部，在佛得角群岛和西印度群岛之间的距离大致相等，但这是一条近似的、完全虚构的线，因为当时的制图师没有测量经度的手段。这意味着，在实际操作中，在海上时，海员们无法确定他们是否已经越过了这条线。另一个复杂的问题是，条约并没有具体规定该线在哪里停止。它是否绕过地球，到达即将被发现的太平洋？这条线也没有考虑实际的地理问题，如海岸线、湖泊或山脉，当然也没有考虑当地人口和他们自己的部落或政治边界。

Despite its vagueness, the treaty did at least set out approximate spheres of influence. These included North Africa where the two kingdoms essentially agreed which part of the Muslim-held coast they would attack. The Portuguese were given free rein west and south of Melilla in Morocco while Spain set its sights on Melilla itself and the stretch of the North African coast opposite the Canaries.

尽管条约内容含糊不清，但至少列出了大致的势力范围。这些势力范围包括北非，两个王国基本上商定了它们将进攻穆斯林控制的海岸的哪一部分。葡萄牙人获得了在摩洛哥的梅利利亚以西和以南的自由支配权，而西班牙则把目光投向了梅利利亚本身和加那利群岛对面的那片北非海岸。

Another important clause in the treaty permitted either country’s ships to sail across waters in the other’s jurisdiction if the intention was to gain access to lands under their own control. In this strict sense, the seas themselves remained free. The treaty, then, kept both sides from going to war over territories, at least for the moment. Essentially, Spain had the Americas and Portugal the western coast of Africa and whatever may lie to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, a part of the globe then unknown to Europeans. It was not important to these two royal houses that people already lived in these places or that a highly successful trade network had long been established there.

条约中的另一个重要条款——允许任何一个国家的船只驶过对方管辖的水域，如果其目的是为了进入自己控制的土地。在这种严格意义上，海洋本身仍然是自由的。因此，该条约使双方都不会为领土而开战，至少当时是这样的。从本质上讲，西班牙拥有美洲，葡萄牙拥有非洲西海岸和好望角以东的任何地方，这是当时欧洲人不知道的地球的一部分。对这两个王室来说，人们已经生活在这些地方，或者一个非常成功的贸易网络早已在那里建立，细枝末节什么的并不重要。

全球性帝国

When in 1498 the explorer Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean, suddenly the Portuguese gained access to a whole new trade network involving Africans, Indians, and Arabs. Da Gama pushed on to India where Portugal established several colonies from where further colonizing expeditions sailed east to Indonesia and Japan.

1498年，探险家瓦斯科·达伽马（约1469-1524年）绕过好望角，进入印度洋，葡萄牙人突然发现了一个涉及非洲人、印度人和阿拉伯人的全新的贸易网络。达伽马继续向印度推进，葡萄牙在那里建立了几个殖民地，紧接着，他们向东航行到印度尼西亚和日本，进一步建立殖民地。

In 1519-22, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), then in the service of Spain, sailed around the southern tip of South America and pioneered a maritime route across the Pacific Ocean and on to East Asia. The expedition eventually circumnavigated the globe, but it was access to the spice trade that was crucial. Now Spain became a rival to Portugal in this lucrative trade. The source of many spices was the Maluku Islands or the Moluccas in what is today Indonesia. Not for nothing were these islands simply called the Spice Islands. Spanish and Portuguese navigators and cartographers debated as to where exactly the islands were located on the map: in Portugal or Spain’s sphere of influence according to the Treaty of Tordesillas? There were even accusations that cartographers were deliberately misplacing islands on maps, either to keep their location secret or to support the idea that their country had a rightful claim over them. Magellan had believed the Spice Islands were in the Spanish sphere and had won royal backing for his expedition on those grounds. As it turned out, Magellan was wrong, but Portugal did pay Spain a large quantity of gold to maintain control of the islands. Another area of contention was the lower half of South America, particularly the River plate where both kingdoms laid a claim based on the inexactitude of the line of the demarcation of Tordesillas.

1519-1522年，当时为西班牙服务的葡萄牙探险家费迪南德·麦哲伦（约1480-1521）绕过南美洲南端航行，开辟了一条横跨太平洋并通往东亚的海上航线。远征队最终环绕了地球，但最关键的是，西班牙人获得了香料贸易的途径。西班牙在这一有利可图的贸易中成为了葡萄牙的竞争对手。许多香料的产地是位于今天印度尼西亚的马鲁古群岛或摩鹿加群岛。这些岛屿被称为 "香料群岛"并非没有道理。西班牙和葡萄牙的航海家和制图师就这些岛屿在地图上的确切位置展开辩论：根据《托德西利亚斯条约》，此处是在葡萄牙还是西班牙的势力范围内？甚至还有人指责制图师故意在地图上把岛屿放错位置，要么是为了保密，要么是为了支持自己国家对这些岛屿有合法权利的想法。麦哲伦认为香料群岛属于西班牙的范围，并以这些理由为他的远征赢得了皇家的支持。事实证明，麦哲伦是错误的，但葡萄牙确实向西班牙支付了大量黄金以维持对这些岛屿的控制。另一个争论的领域是南美洲的下半部，特别是河板块，两个王国都以托德西利亚斯分界线的不精确性为基础提出了要求。

In 1521 Hernán Cortés led a force of conquistadores which attacked the Aztec Empire in Mexico and claimed it for Spain. In 1533 Francisco Pizarro led a force which attacked the Inca Empire in South America, bringing about its eventual collapse. Suddenly, the Spanish had control of two massive empires and all their riches. Meanwhile, in 1532, the Portuguese began to colonize Brazil, which fortunately for them, juts out from the continent in such a way as to cross the line set out by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Meanwhile, the 1529 treaty of Zaragoça (Saragosa) extended the dividing line of Tordesillas to the other side of the globe, confirming Portugal's claim over the Spice Islands while Spain was given the Philippines (even if they were in Portugal’s sphere).

1521年，埃尔南·科尔特斯率领一支征服者部队袭击了墨西哥的阿兹特克帝国，并将其据为己有。1533年，弗朗西斯克·皮萨罗率领一支部队袭击了南美洲的印加帝国，使其最终崩溃。突然间，西班牙人控制了两个庞大的帝国和财富。同时，在1532年，葡萄牙人开始对巴西进行殖民统治，幸运的是，巴西从大陆上突出来，跨越了《托德西利亚斯条约》规定的界限。同时，1529年的萨拉戈萨（Zaragoça）条约将托德西利亚斯分界线延伸到地球的另一边，确认了葡萄牙对香料群岛的统治，而西班牙则得到了菲律宾（即使它们在葡萄牙的范围内）。

The two spheres of influence had become truly global but so, too, had the colonial competition. The Far East contained powerful states who themselves were keen to either colonise or control trade, states like China, Japan, the Marathas in India, and the sultans of Malaysia. Even more dangerous were fellow European states. The Netherlands, Britain, and France had grown to possess powerful navies by the last years of the 16th century, and they attacked and upset the carefully balanced Portuguese-Spanish status quo everywhere in the world throughout the 17th century and beyond. The Treaty of Tordesillas had become a worthless piece of parchment, and now it was ships, cannons, forts and local armies that backed up an empire, not diplomatic agreements and lines on maps.

这两个势力范围几乎囊括了整个地球，但殖民竞争也是如此。远东地区有一些强大的国家，它们本身就热衷于殖民或控制贸易，如中国、日本、印度的马拉塔斯和马来西亚的苏丹等国家。更加危险的是欧洲国家。在16世纪的最后几年，荷兰、英国和法国已经拥有了强大的海军，在整个17世纪及以后，他们在世界各地攻击并打破了葡萄牙-西班牙之间精心平衡的现状。《托德西利亚斯条约》已成为一张毫无价值的羊皮纸。支持帝国的是船只、大炮、堡垒和地方军队，而不是外交协议和地图上的线条。