《太空定居的三十一个里程碑》译文版第二期

2023-02-26 22:40 作者:大饼写科幻 0人读过 | 我要投稿

原文由美国国家空间学会（NSS）于2019年出品。

《太空定居的三十一个里程碑》译文版简介第一节

nss-roadmap-to-space-settlement-3rd-edition-2018-contents

INTRODUCTION 2

GENERAL BARRIERS TO SPACE SETTLEMENT

太空定居的常规障碍

Barriers will be encountered at each stage of space settlement. A barrier is defined as a substantial obstacle to achieving a milestone, and it must be overcome before that milestone can be accomplished.

在太空定居的每个阶段都会遇到障碍。障碍被定义为实现某个里程碑的实质性障碍，而且必须在完成该里程碑之前克服它。

Technical.

技术层面

There are technical barriers to providing safe, reliable, efficient, and inexpensive transport to, from, and between locations in space.

在提供安全、可靠、高效和廉价，且能够往返太空定居点的「运输技术」上存在着障碍。

There are also technical difficulties in creating the needed infrastructure, human habitats, and industrial sites in space.

在太空中创建所需的基础设施、人类栖息地和工业场所也存在技术困难。

The creation ofreliable reusable rocket boosters remains a technicalbarrier, though this is changing rapidly.

创造可靠的且可重复使用的火箭助推器仍然是一个技术障碍，尽管这正在迅速改变。

Another significant barrier is the lack of mitigation of debris in Earth orbit.

另一个重要的障碍是缺乏能够减少地球轨道上残骸的的技术。

Biological.

生物层面

Physiological barriers to human space settlement include human responses to microgravity in non-rotating space habitats (e.g., those not generating a form of artificial gravity), long-term exposure to radiation in space, and lower gravity levels and other conditions on other planetarybodies.

人类太空定居的生理障碍包括人类对非旋转空间栖息地的微重力的反应（例如，那些不产生某种形式的人工重力的栖息地），长期暴露在太空中的辐射，以及其他在行星体上较低的重力水平和其他未知条件。

Cultural.

文化层面

Many people feel that the pace of space development has been extremely slow, especially when compared to the rapid development of computer technology.

许多人觉得太空发展的速度极其缓慢，特别是与计算机技术的快速发展相比。

While there is more information about space activities available to the public than ever before, mainstream media outlets often cover only larger, more headline-generating events, frequently overlooking or performing minimal coverage of other critically important, but less sensational, stories that would benefit general audiences.

虽然公众可以获得比以往更多有关太空活动的信息，但主流媒体往往只报道更大的、更能产生头条新闻的事件，经常忽视或极少报道其他极其重要的、但不那么耸人听闻，让普通观众受益的新闻。

Space development would be furthered by continuously stimulating and sustaining public interest via improved outreach and education over extended periods of time.

通过长期改进外联和教育，不断刺激和维持公众的兴趣，能进一步促进空间发展。

It is also important to provide context for the many benefits that space-related technology currently provides— most people are unaware of how deeply space-related activities are already integrated into their daily lives.

提供与空间有关的技术目前提供的许多好处的背景也很重要-大多数人没有意识到与太空有关的活动已经深深融入他们的日常生活。

Psychological.

心理层面

Psychological issues include:

Claustrophobic responses to enclosed and confined space habitats, triggered by the knowledge that one cannot leave the habitat at any time (unless wearing a pressure suit), and a constant awareness of a possible loss of air pressure.

对封闭和密闭空间栖息地的幽闭恐惧反应，是由于知道自己在任何时候都不能离开栖息地（除非穿着压力服），以及对可能失去气压的持续意识而引发的。
Isolation from others due to communication delays to and from Earth.

由于与地球的通信延迟，与其他人隔离。
Lack of exposure to a “natural” (Earth-like) environment (“nature-deficit disorder”).

缺乏对 "自然"（类似地球）环境的接触（"自然缺失症"）。
Challenges inherent in social interactions within a population that is initially limited in size.

在于在最初规模有限的人群中，社会互动会发生的自然问题。

Social.

社会层面

For alleged safety reasons, governments may be tempted to limit the ability of private individuals to organize and undertake space ventures or to voluntarily accept the risks involved in spaceflight.

出于所谓的安全原因，政府可能会受到蛊惑，去限制私人个人组织和进行太空冒险的能力，或自愿接受航天飞行中的风险。

If there had been such societal restraints two hundred years ago, the frontier of the American West would never have been settled.

如果两百年前就有这样的社会约束，某国西部的边疆就不会被解决。

Space development requires the freedom to voluntarily accept risk. The current governmental aversion to risk, along with the associated legal issues, must be overcome.

太空发展需要有自愿接受风险的自由。目前政府对风险的厌恶，以及相关的法律问题，必须被克服。

Economic.

经济层面

Space development requires long lead times, and therefore needs stable, long-term funding. Economic issues, both actual and perceived, are often major barriers to both governmental and private efforts.

太空开发需要较长的准备时间，因此需要稳定、长期的资金。经济问题，包括实际的和预测的，往往是政府和私人努力的主要障碍。

Some of these issues include:

相关观点如下：

The very high cost of access to Earth orbit and space, which has prevented the frequent transport of passengers and cargo to, from, and through space. Such transport operations must ultimately resemble how commercial airlines function today.

进入地球轨道和太空的成本非常高，这使得乘客和货物无法频繁地进出太空和运输。这种运输业务最终必须类似于今天商业航空公司的运作方式。
Short-term thinking within government, often linked to political and election concerns. Often when long-term programs are ultimately authorized, ongoing funding at consistent levels is not forthcoming, even if it would result in significant savings over the life of the program.

政府内部的短期思维，往往与政治和选举问题相关。当长期项目最终被授权时，往往不会有持续的资金投入，即使这项目在生命周期内能够进行显著的节约迹象。
Private sector investors seeking immediate gains ratherthan long term profits. In order to encourage private investment in space activities, governments need to provide an environment that encourages growth.

Examples include: the reduction or elimination of unneeded regulations, legislating limits to liability in the case of space-related accidents, allowing individuals to take voluntary risks in spaceflight, and providing rewards for, or tax relief from, space ventures.

私营企业投资者寻求眼前的收益而不是长期的利润。为了鼓励私人投资于空间活动，政府需要提供一个鼓励增长的环境。

这方面的例子包括：减少或取消不需要的规定，立法限制与空间有关的事故的责任，允许个人自愿承担空间飞行的风险，以及为空间企业提供奖励或税收减免。