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比比谁更大(2019课标Ⅲ(文)导数)

2022-09-28 11:37 作者:数学老顽童  | 我要投稿

(2019课标Ⅲ文,20)已知函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D2x%5E3-ax%5E2%2B2.

(1)讨论f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的单调性;

(2)当0%3Ca%3C3时,记f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20在区间%5Cleft%5B%200%2C1%20%5Cright%5D%20的最大值为M,最小值为m,求M-m的取值范围.

解:(1)求导,得

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%7D%3D6x%5E2-2ax%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B2x%5Cleft(%203x-a%20%5Cright)%20%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D0,得x%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7Dx%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%7D.

1.%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%3D0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D0%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%200f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D.

2.%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%3C0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3C0%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%20%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%20%5Cnearrow%20%7D;

3.若%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%3E0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3E0%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-%5Cinfty%20%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%20,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D;

(2)若0%3Ca%3C3,则%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%3C%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%3C1%7D

由(1)可知:

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft%5B%200%2C%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%20%5Cright)%7Df%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%2C1%20%5Cright%5D%7Df%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D.

所以%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bm%3Df%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7B3%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3D2-%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E3%7D%7B27%7D%7D

f%5Cleft(%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B2%7Df%5Cleft(%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B1%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B4-a%7D.

1.2%5Cleqslant%204-a,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%3Ca%5Cleqslant%202%7D时,

M%3D4-a

M-m%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E3%7D%7B27%7D-a%2B2%7D

g%5Cleft(%20a%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E3%7D%7B27%7D-a%2B2

g'%5Cleft(%20a%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E2%7D%7B9%7D-1%3C0

g%5Cleft(%20a%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

g%5Cleft(%20a%20%5Cright)%20%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft%5B%20%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B27%7D%2C2%20%5Cright)%20%7D.

2.2%3E4-a,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B2%3Ca%3C3%7D

M%3D2

M-m%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E3%7D%7B27%7D%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B27%7D%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7D.

综上所述:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7BM-m%5Cin%20%5Cleft%5B%20%5Cfrac%7B8%7D%7B27%7D%2C2%20%5Cright)%20%7D.

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