Clash & Remaking of civilization- 01
I:A World of Civilizations
==Chapter 1 The New Era in World Politics ==
-----A MULTIPOLAR多极的 , MULTICIVILIZATIONAL WORLD :
In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions among
peoples are not ideological, political, or economic. They
are cultural.
People use politics not just to advance their
interests but also to define their identity.
We know who we are only when we know who we are not
and often only when we know whom we are against.
In this new world the most pervasive无处不在的, important, and dangerous conflicts
will not be between social classes, rich and poor, or other economically
defined groups, but between peoples belonging to different cultural entities.
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Tribal wars and ethnic conflicts will occur within civilizations.
Violence between states and groups from different civilizations,
however, carries with it the potential for escalation扩大 as other
states and groups from these civilizations rally恢复 to the support
of their "kin同族/亲戚 countries."
Future conflicts will be sparked by
cultural factors rather than economics or ideology.
The most dangerous cultural conflicts are those along
the fault lines between civilizations.
Cultures can change, and the nature of their impact on politics
and economics can vary from one period to another.
-----OTHER WORLDS? ：
★★delude 欺骗
States define their
interests in terms of power but also in terms of much else besides. States often,
of course, attempt to balance power, but if that is all they did, Western
European countries would have coalesced联合 with the Soviet Union against the United
States in the late 1940s.
Values, culture, and institutions pervasively无处不在地
influence how states define their interests.
Publics and statesmen are less likely
to see threats emerging from people they feel they
understand and can trust because of shared language,
religion, values, institutions, and culture. T hey are much more
likely to see threats coming from states whose societies have
different cultures and hence which they do not
understand and feel they cannot trust.
The world may be chaos but it is not totally without order.
---COMPARING WORLDS: REALISM, PARSIMONY异常节俭 , AND PREDICTIONS---
• The forces of integration融合 in the world are real and are precisely what are
generating counterforces of cultural assertion and civilizational consciousness.
• The world is in some sense two, but the central distinction is between the
West as the hitherto dominant civilization and all the others, which, however,
have little if anything in common among them. The world, in short, is divided
between a Western one and a non-Western many.
• Nation states are and will remain the most important actors in world
affairs, but their interests, associations, and conflicts are increasingly
shaped by cultural and civilizational factors.
• The world is indeed anarchical混乱的, rife with tribal and nationality
conflicts, but the conflicts that pose the greatest dangers for
stability are those between states or groups from different civilizations.
===Chapter 2 ：Civilizations in History and today===
The idea of civilization was developed by eighteenth-century
French thinkers as the opposite of the concept of "barbarism."
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Civilized society differed from primitive society because
it was settled, urban, and literate.
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The concept of civilization provided a standard by which to judge
societies, and during the nineteenth century,
Europeans devoted much intellectual, diplomatic, and political energy
to elaborating详细制定 the criteria标准 by which non-European societies might
be judged sufficiently "civilized" to be accepted as members of
the European-dominated international system.
People of the same race can be deeply divided by civilization;
people of different races may be united by civilization.
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The crucial distinctions among human
groups concern their values, beliefs, institutions, and social
structures, not their physical size, head shapes, and skin colors.
Civilizations have no clear-cut boundaries and no
precise beginnings and endings.
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People can and do redefine their identities and, as a result,
the composition and shapes of civilizations change over time.
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The cultures of peoples interact and overlap重叠.
civilizations are mortal but also very long-lived;
they evolve演化, adapt, and are the most enduring持久的 of human associations.
Empires rise and fall, governments come and go, civilizations
remain and "survive political, social, economic, even ideological upheavals.
"International history," Bozeman concludes, "rightly documents the
thesis论点 that political systems are transient短暂的 expedients权宜之计
on the surface of civilization, and that the destiny of each linguistically语言学的
and morally unified community depends ultimately upon the survival
of certain primary structuring ideas around which successive相继的
generations have coalesced合并 and which thus symbolize the society's
continuity."
Most civilizations, however, contain more than one state or other political
entity. In the modern world, most civilizations contain two or more states.
Several scholars also add Orthodox正统的 Russian civilization
as a separate civilization distinct from its parent Byzantine拜占庭的
civilization and from Western Christian civilization.
(精罗震怒)
