第一部分,自动驾驶系统组成

Autopilot System Components

一、方式控制面板

Mode-Control-Panel (MCP)

在波音系飞机中,自动驾驶面板被称作方式控制面板,它允许飞行员选择自动驾驶模式并改变参数.

The autopilot panel in Boeing aircraft is called Mode Control Panel (MCP). It allows pilot to select new autopilot modes and change selected values.

从左到右,在最新的波音飞机中,每个旋钮用来:

From left to right the knobs in the latest Boeing aircraft are used for:

1. 速度

2. 飞行朝向

3. 垂直速度

   Vertical Speed

4. 高度

速度、高度旋钮可以被按下(按下后立即执行最新速度/高度指令);朝向旋钮上面也有一个可以被按下的按钮.

The knobs for speed and altitude can be pushed in and the heading knob has a button on it that can be pushed as well.

二、飞行模式信号器

Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA)

飞行模式信号器是使用自动驾驶时最重要的仪器.它先是在主飞行显示器上方,显示的是自动驾驶现在在做什么、有什么模式被激活了.

The Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) is the most important instrument when using the autopilot. The FMA is the upper section of the primary flight display (PFD) and it displays to the pilot what the autopilot is currently doing and what modes have been activated.

FMA分为三栏:

The FMA is split into three columns:

1. 正在运行的自动推力模式

   Active Auto-Throttle (A/T) mode

2. 正在运行及和预备的横轴模式(与Heading对应)

   Active and armed lateral mode

3. 正在运行的及预备的垂直模式,或者正在运行的及预备的进场模式

   Active and armed vertical mode or approach mode

在FMA下方，我们可以看到飞行指引仪（FLT DIR）和自动驾驶仪（AP、LAND 2和LAND 3）的状态指示。

Below the FMA we find a status indication for the flight director (FLT DIR) and autopilot (AP, LAND 2 and LAND 3).

三、飞行指示仪

Flight Director (F/D)

飞行指示仪图像叠在主飞行显示器上,呈现为一条水平和一条与之垂直的品红色线.通过左右两侧的F/D开关(分别在MCP左下角和右下角)，可以打开和关闭相应的飞行指引仪。

Superimposed on the attitude indicator of the primary flight display (PFD) we can see the flight director (F/D), visible as a horizontal and vertical magenta line. The flight director can be turned on and off for by setting both F/D switches on either side accordingly. When both flight directors are off and the autopilot is also off the entire system is turned off and is reset.

水平飞行指示条上下移动以指示目标俯仰姿态.当水平条向上移动时，(在没有接通自动驾驶时)你应该在当前基础上拉杆,以“追上”那条水平线.反之,你应该向下推杆.当你处于目标俯仰角时(即按照要求抬机头或压机头时)，杆会移回中心。

The horizontal flight director bar moves up and down to indicated the target pitch attitude. When the bar moves up you should pitch up to catch the bar with the current attitude. The bar moves back to the center when you are at the target pitch angle.

垂直飞行指引杆向左和向右移动以显示目标倾斜角度。当你滚转到应该偏转的一侧时，飞行指引杆会向中心移动，以指示你正在接近目标倾斜角度。

The vertical flight director bar moves left and right to show a target bank angle. When you roll to the side of the deflection the flight director bar moves back towards the center to indicate that you are at the target bank angle.

四、自动驾驶概述

Autopilot (AP)

自动驾驶仪启动伺服系统，使之移动控制柱、控制轮和方向舵踏板，使飞机转向.这为飞行员提供了直接反馈.飞行员可以凌驾于伺服系统之上进行手动控制,(当你手动操控伺服系统时)自动驾驶模式解除.但这需要“大力出奇迹”,如果你动作很温柔的话,自动驾驶是不会解除的;并且最好不要这样做(言外之意:要解除自动驾驶模式的话最好还是直接按A/P或者A/P Disengage)

The autopilot actuates servos that move the control column, control wheel and rudder pedals to steer the plane. This provides direct feedback to the pilots. Pilots can override the servo to take manual control and the autopilot disengages. But this usually requires some force and the disengagement isn’t soft and isn’t the preferred method.

成功启动自动驾驶模式需要:

To successfully engage the autopilot a couple of conditions have to be met first:

1. 空速(注:非地速)大于失速速度;小于最大速度——注意检查襟翼情况,襟翼放下时是有速度限制的,如果速度超出这个限制那自动驾驶无法启动.

   Airspeed above stall speed and below maximum speed, check that you are not currently flying too fast for the flap setting you have

2. 仰角/俯角在25度到-15度之间,倾斜角小于45度.

   Pitch angle between about 25° and -15° and bank angle less than 45°

3. 飞行没有新的控制指令,且飞机已经配平

   Flight control inputs neutral and aircraft trimmed out

4. 起飞后飞机至少离地100英尺,或降落前至少400英尺高

   Aircraft in the air at least 100 feet above the ground after takeoff or above 400 feet prior to landing

想要解除自动驾驶:

• 按下“A/P”键(在737上旋转AP开关)

  Push the AP engagement button (or set the AP switch on in the 737)

五、自动油门(A/T)

自动油门系统（A/T）驱动驾驶舱推力杆上的伺服系统,以便在启动后调整发动机推力.飞行员可以随时“僭越”伺服系统并手动控制,然后自动油门会关闭,但除非A/T ARM开关也关闭，否则会保持待命状态.A/T通常在起飞前接通,着陆后解除.在着陆期间,A/T系统会自动拉回推力杆并保持慢车位,开启反推后自动关闭.

The Auto-Throttle System (A/T) drives servos on the thrust levers in the cockpit to adjust engine thrust when engaged. Pilots can overpower the servos and manually take control at any time, the Auto-Throttle then disengages but stays armed unless the A/T ARM switches are turned off as well. A/T is usually armed before takeoff and disarmed after landing. During landing the A/T system automatically pulls back the thrust levers to idle during flare and disengages when reversers are selected.

接通自动油门:

To engage A/T:

• 首先将自动驾驶开关打开(即抬起至上面的位置,会听到“咔”一声)

  Set the A/T switches to the ARM position (upper position)

• 在跑道上,,按下推理手柄上的TO/GA开关

  When on the runway: Push the TO/GA switches on the thrust levers

• 在空中时,按下SPD或A/T键

  In the air: Push the SPD or A/T button

六、飞行管理系统（FMS）

Flight Management System (FMS)

对于路线规划和长期复杂的导航功能，飞机配备了飞行管理系统（FMS），该系统存储飞行计划和预先编程的性能值，并计算最经济的飞行概况。飞行员可以通过驾驶舱中的控制显示单元（CDU）或多功能显示器（MFD）更改飞行计划或输入值。

(up注:FMC教程已经发了一部分,由于up能力有限,剩下一部分我不一定能发,得看前一部分反响如何)

第二部分 波音系列飞机自动驾驶的共性

Similarities between Boeing Autopilots

多年来，现实世界的波音自动驾驶仪发生了一些变化。核心功能仍然存在，但MCP的一些组件被移动或重新设计。最现代化的777和787几乎相同，但仍然与旧的747-400和更旧的737-500有很多共同之处.

以下为共同点:

• MCP左下角和右下角的F/D开关

• 左上角的 A/T 开关

• IAS/MACH小口，下面有旋钮

• SPD、FLCH、VNAV按钮的排列顺序

• 位置相似的LNAV/VNAV按钮

• 带有倾斜角度限制选择和航向保持按钮的航向旋钮（737除外）

• 垂直速度旋钮和按钮

• 带有高度保持按钮的高度旋钮

• LOC（737中的VOR/LOC）和APP按钮

Over the years several changes have been introduced to real world Boeing autopilots. The core functionality remained but some components of the MCP were moved around or redesigned. The most modern aircraft like the 777 and 787 are near identical but still have a lot in common with the older 747-400 and the even older 737-500 with classic cockpit in Aerofly FS.

• F/D switches in the lower left and lower right of the MCP

• A/T switches in the top left

• IAS/MACH window with knob underneath

• Arrangement of SPD, FLCH, VNAV buttons

• LNAV/VNAV buttons in similar position

• Heading knob with bank angle limit selection and heading hold button (except 737)

• Vertical speed wheel and button

• Altitude knob with altitude hold button

• LOC (VOR/LOC in 737) and APP buttons

第三部分 波音系列不同飞机的主要区别

Main Differences

• B737 FMA：当自动驾驶接通时，姿态指示器上方的几盏灯会变成绿色;当仅使用飞行指示仪时，这几盏灯会变成琥珀色。

  B737 FMA: Several lights above the attitude indicator turn green when the autopilot is engaged or amber when only flight-director is in use.
  

• B737 MCP：航向旋钮和飞行指示仪优先灯;朝向旋钮下方的HDG SEL按钮;没有HDG HOLD按钮;右侧垂直速度旋钮每旋转一小格增量为50英尺/分钟;自动驾驶接通/关闭是靠抬杆而不是按按钮.

  B737 MCP: Course knobs and flight director priority lights, HDG SEL button underneath heading knob and no HDG HOLD button, vertical speed wheel on the right and with 50ft/min increments, autopilot levers and not pushbuttons

• B747：三个单独的自动驾驶仪CMD按钮

  B747: Three individual autopilot CMD buttons

• B777和B787：自动驾驶有两个按钮(正驾和副驾两侧各一个)

  B777 and B787: Two buttons for autopilot

• B777和B787：TRK-HDG开关，V/S-FPA开关和高度增量选择器

  B777 and B787: TRK - HDG switch, V/S - FPA switch and altitude increment selector

• B787：添加了XFR按钮可以将ATC指令传输到活动值(up注:这里是机翻,因为我玩的模拟器没有ATC,这里也没有概念)

  B787: XFR buttons added to transfer ATC instruction to active values

以上