人类为什么没有尾巴(阅读笔记)
这篇短文改编自ScienceAlert的同标题文章,作者没说具体是谁只说是staff。扇贝节选的这部分,相比于原文作了大量删减,少了一些讨论和中间的研究介绍,不过少了很多生物相关的词语、阅读难度也降低了一些。
这里摘一下原文分成几节的小标题(不定时更新):
1. Wait, don't some people actually have tails? ”,提到了人类在胚胎发育过程中的一个阶段是有尾巴的,之后尾骨会被吸收或者融合成其它骨;也提到了极少数人(男性为主)会残留尾巴的尖端,但是内部没有尾椎骨
2. Wait, why don't we have tails? 这部分提到了纽约大学一位研究者的发现,他/她对比了9种有尾灵长类和5种无尾灵长类的基因组,找到了与尾巴相关的基因(之前已经有研究者发现影响长尾巴的基因了,这个研究做得更全面)。尾巴的消失是由基因控制的,但是为什么在无尾的灵长类(猩猩,长臂猿,人等)中无尾的基因这么广泛呢?这个研究无法回答(我的理解:这个研究是对现有现象的比较,属于相关研究,没有办法做因果推断)。
3. Okay, so tell me – what if our ancestors had kept their tails?
这一段大部分被扇贝保留下来了,不同之处如下:
第一句话是We can only speculate why one of our ancestors fared so much better when its tail refused to grow.
然后是扇贝里的这句:The whole event is even more surprising when we consider the change has put us at increased risk of developing neural-tube deformities that expose the spinal cord after birth, such as spina bifida. So it must have been a significant advantage to let the tail end go.(大概是因为没有第一句和小标题,我和其他同学一样,也觉得这句话理解起来有些困难;看完原文我觉得我理解了,这句话的意思是,去掉尾巴之后我们患脊柱裂的风险会更高,那么为什么我们没有尾巴呢?一定/只能是因为有更大的好处。)
扇贝的最后一段少了一句This could raise the risk of a whole lot of hernias and perhaps a bit of incontinence, if not require giving up bipedalism altogether.
之后还有两段开放式结尾:
To what extent the reduction of a tail helped our ancestors stand on their own two feet is up for debate, as is the reason why it vanished in the first place.
But had our ancestors held onto their tails, it's possible humans might never have even evolved at all.
最后还有一段斜体附注:All Explainers are determined by fact checkers to be correct and relevant at the time of publishing. Text and images may be altered, removed, or added to as an editorial decision to keep information current.
另外另一位同学的“进化没了”的说法有待考究,靠小脑来平衡身体、供血不足而不长尾巴这个说法有些新奇;由于小脑的知识我了解得不多,我不太确定人类的小脑相较于其它猿有多发达;不过另一方面,我印象里学到的,进化是突变加选择的结果,似乎先有生理结构改变(尾巴消失)再有功能改变(直立行走)听起来更让人信服;另外黑猩猩,长臂猿也都是没有尾巴的,它们并不经常直立行走。所有生物的进化都是大自然的选择,有利于更好地生活,每种生物的进化结果都能体现出一些道理,我觉得这个想法很说得通,不过推理过程还是可以严谨一点。
扇贝链接:https://www.shanbay.com/news/articles/hpone
(虽然扇贝的这次节选虽然有些失误,读起来有点奇怪,但是用于学英语足够了,)
原文链接:https://www.sciencealert.com/why-humans-don-t-have-tails