K400V2S03S1Q01-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

musical taxonomy / genres / blues

Arts/music

20世纪初的音乐家不只会一种音乐类型

①The musical taxonomy we take for granted today arose in the early 1900s. ②Musical genres were invented as a means of marketing records.  ③Before the recording era, working musicians were expected to play a range of music that would surprise modern listeners, who generally expect classical musicians to play classical, country musicians to play country, and so on. ④With respect to blues, there were probably few musicians working in the 1920s or 1930s who played only that style. ⑤If recordings imply that certain artists could play only the most basic twelve-bar blues pattern, the reason lies with recording companies’ preferences, not musicians’ capabilities. ⑥Performers whose entire recorded repertoire consists of blues might have been earning a living playing in jazz groups or country bands. 

我们现在习以为常的音乐分类法起源于20世纪早期。音乐风格是为了唱片市场发明出来的。在唱片时代之前，演奏者会演奏一系列的音乐，而这会让现代的听众感到惊奇，因为他们一般会认为哪种音乐类型的音乐家就应该演奏那种音乐类型。至于蓝调，在20世纪二三十年代，几乎很少音乐家只演奏蓝调这一种音乐形式。 如果一个唱片表明一些艺术家只会弹最基本的十二小节蓝调，原因不会是音乐家能力有限，而是唱片公司的安排。那些唱片作品中只有蓝调的表演者可能通过在爵士乐团或者乡村乐队表演谋生。

1. The author mentions “country bands” primarily in order to 

功能题 目的题 易

信息目的题，优先服务句子主干。为了说明那些只发行过一种音乐类型的唱片的音乐家，同时可以在爵士乐团或乡村乐队谋生，说明他这些都会。

B

A. cast doubt on a particular assumption often made about working musicians before the recording era 质疑一个在唱片时代之前的对于音乐家的假设。没有这个assumption的证据

B. emphasize how unrepresentative a musician's blues recordings might be of that musician’s range  说明一个音乐家的蓝调唱片不能代表他会的音乐类型。符合

C. compare the demands of playing blues music to the demands of playing in other musical styles 没有compare的证据

D. identify a significant source of income for some musicians who recorded blues music in the 1920s and 1930s  干扰项，文章并不是在讨论收入来源，只是会的音乐类型。没有significant的证据。

E. note an important influence on some musicians whose only recorded music consisted of blues songs 没有influence的证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “modern listeners” ? 

细节题 推断题 中

A

A. They tend to make certain assumptions about musicians that have been influenced by recording companies’ ways of categorizing musical styles. 他们有可能做出对于受到唱片公司分类音乐风格方式影响的演奏者的假设。有可能，唱片公司让一位演奏者只演蓝调，现代听众就会认为这哥们只会蓝调。

B. They generally have broader musical tastes than did listeners before the recording era.  没有这个比较

C. They tend to expect more virtuosity from musicians who play only one style of music than they expect from musicians who play many different styles. 没有virtuosity和比较的证据

生词摘录：

with respect to ... 关于

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage. 

Arts / history

nations / nation-state / Korea 

是先有国家，还是先有民族

①For most of the twentieth century, scholars generally accepted the proposition that nations are enduring entities that predated the rise of modern nation-states and that provided the social and cultural foundations of the state.  ②This perspective has certainly been applied to Korea; most historians have assumed that the Korean nation has existed since the dawn of historical time. ③In recent years, however, Western scholars have questioned the idea of the nation as an enduring entity. ④Both Gellner and Anderson have argued, in their studies of European, Latin American and Southeast Asian cases, that the nation is strictly a modem phenomenon, a forging of a common sense of identity among previously disparate social groups through the propagandizing efforts of activist intellectuals and the homogenizing organizational activities of the modern state.  ⑤In short, it was the state that created the nation; not the other way around. 

①Younger Koreanists, with Em prominent among them, have begun to apply this approach to Korea. ②These scholars, noting the isolated nature of village life in premodern Korea and the sharp difference in regional dialects, suggest that ordinary villagers could not possibly have thought of themselves as fellow countrymen of villagers in other regions. ③These scholars also note that elites, conversely often had outward-looking, universalistic orientations, as did aristocracies elsewhere, such as in premodern Europe. ④Finally, they observe that the very word for "nation" in Korean, minjok, is a neologism first employed by Japanese scholars as a translation of the Western concept and that it was first appropriated by Korean activists in the early twentieth century. ⑤They argue, therefore, that a Korean "nation" came into being only after that time. 

①In short, in the case of Korea we have an argument between "primordialists," who contend that nations are natural and universal units of history, and "modernists," who assert that nations are historically contingent products of modernity. ②The positions of both groups seem problematic. ③It seems unlikely that in the seventh century the peoples of the warring states of Koguryo, Paekche, and Shilla all thought of themselves as members of a larger "Korean" collectivity. ④On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula had a much longer history - well over one thousand years - as a unified political collectivity than did the peoples studied by Gellner and Anderson. ⑤Not only does the remarkable endurance of the Korean state imply some sort of social and cultural basis for that unity but the nature of the premodern Korean state as a centralized bureaucratic polity also suggests the possibility that the organizational activities of the state may have created a homogenous collectivity with a sense of shared identity much earlier than happened in the countries of western Europe that provided the model for ''modernist" scholarship. 

20世纪的大部分时间里，学者们普遍认为民族是持续的存在实体，是现代单一民族国家的前身，并为这个国家提供了社会和文化基础。这个观点适用于韩国。许多历史学家认为大韩民族在历史初期就已存在。然而近年来，西方学者质疑了民族是长久存在的实体这一观念。通过他们对欧洲、拉丁美洲和东南亚国家的研究，G和A认为，民族严格来说是一个现代现象，是通过活动家们的宣传、现代国家的结构同化将以往分散的社会团体合并成一个身份认知共同体的结果。总结来说，是国家创造了民族，而非反过来。

年轻的韩国学者开始把这种方法应用在韩国上。这些学者发现，因为乡村生活的封闭和方言的明显差异，那时的普通村民不太可能把其他地方的人当做同胞。学者们还发现，相反，精英们通常具备开放、普遍性的态度，正如欧洲早期的贵族阶级表现出来的一样。最后，他们发现韩语中表示民族的词，是一个新词，是日本学者在翻译西方概念时第一次使用，在20世纪早期才被韩国的运动家使用。因此，学者们认为，在那之后才出现韩民族的概念。

综上，对于韩国的研究，我们有了以下二者的争论：原生主义者认为民族是历史中自然而普遍的单位，而现代主义者认为民族是现代化的历史产物。这两种观点看起来都有问题。7世纪的时候，高句丽、百济、新罗三个地方的人打的不可开交，不可能太把对方当成大韩民族共同的子民。另一方面，朝鲜半岛的居民作为一个政治集体有超过一千年的历史，比G和A研究对象的历史要长。不仅韩国的长久本身表明了一种社会和文化基础，而且早期韩国作为一个集中的政体同样具有创造出一个统一集体的可能，甚至比西方提供了现代主义模型的国家还要早。

生词摘录：

neologism 新词

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to 

功能题 主旨题 中

文章通过对韩国的研究，讨论是先有民族还是先有国家。但是目前得出来的结论在韩国这个案例看来，都有些不足。

A

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation  符合

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation  反驳一个关于韩民族起源的有争议的观点。文章不是在反驳某个观点，而是在讨论。

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity  不是在质疑民族的本质

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists 只是第二段的内容。以偏概全。

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation 不是在解释特征。

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to  

重复3

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation  

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation  

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity  

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists 

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation 

5. According to the author of the passage, a difference between Korea and the “European, Latin American, and Southeast Asian cases” has to do with 

细节题 中

第一段的定位处讲的是相同，我们需要找不同。这个不同体现在文章最后的时间差异上，需要完整读完才能做。

C

A. the extent of the differences among various regional dialects prior to the establishment of a national language 与方言无关。

B. the number of disparate social groups that existed prior to the creation of a national identity.  与数量无关。

C. when a nationally unified political entity came into existence.  时间差异。符合。

D. whether the bureaucratic state played a role in the creation of the nation 没有证据。

E. the extent to which the creation of the nation fostered significantly greater social and cultural unity 没有extent的证据。

6. Regarding the observation discussed in the highlighted sentence, the author would probably agree with which of the following statements? 

态度题 易

高亮句是在说明民族这个概念是个新词。为了支持先有的韩国再有的韩民族这个概念。但是通过第三段知道，作者认为这个观点是有问题的。

D

A. It tells more about the nature of the Korean language than it does about the creation of the Korean nation in the twentieth century  跟韩语的本质无关

B. It contradicts the idea that Korean elites had outward-looking universalistic orientations.  不是在取反，这句话是一个正向句。

C. It shows the inappropriateness of trying to apply Western concepts to the Korean experience.  虽然作者在第三段中表明了不认可的态度，但是这句话里的发现本身却并没有体现出inappropriateness。

D. It may be true, but it does not mean that the creation of the Korean nation is a twentieth-century phenomenon.  符合作者在第三段中表现出来的态度。

E. It testifies to the influence of Western and Japanese thinking on the origin of the Korean nation. 这个发现证实了西方和日本思想对于韩民族起源的影响。作者最后的态度并不在此，也不认为这是对的。

Question 7 is based on this passage. 

cancers / farming lifestyle

Sciences

农场生活方式降低癌症风险

A long-term medical study found that certain common types of cancers occur 40 percent less frequently among people who live and work on farms than in the general population. This suggests to scientists that some factor in the farming lifestyle provides protection against the types of cancers. If there is such a factor it probably provides more protection against cancer than is indicated by the 40 percent lower incidence found by the study, since _______. 

一项长期的医学研究表明，生活在农场上的人的一些常见的癌症发病率要低40%，可能是农场上生活方式的某一因素降低了癌症风险。如果这个因素真的存在，它带来的保护可能要超过研究表明的40%，因为________.

7. Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 中

逻辑稍微有些弯绕：补全这个论证，找到原因。既然带来的保护要超过40%，说明有什么原因消除了一些保护。

A

A. the pesticides used by many farmers constitute a significant risk factor for developing the types of cancers investigated  

B. farmers are more active than the general population, and physical exercise provides some protection against the types of cancers investigated 相反。 要找的是消除保护的内容。

C. the frequency of certain other medical conditions, such as heart disease is also lower among farmers than in the general population 跟心脏病没关系。甭扯别的。

D. the study found that there was no reduction of risk among those who lived on a farm but did not engage in farmwork 跟farmwork没有关系

E. the study found that the frequency of the types of cancers investigated was marginally higher among the members of certain professional groups than in the general population 做这个比较没有意义。

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage. 

Sciences / biology

vertebrate skeleton / predaroty

脊椎动物进化出骨骼是为了捕食而非防御

①Many paleontologists have linked the origin of the vertebrate skeleton to the need for defense. ②According to this hypothesis, the first, soft-bodied vertebrates, living in the seas of the Cambrian period, began to evolve extensive covering of bony scales or plates as the result of predation by numerous invertebrate carnivores. ③Teeth are thought to have been secondary features evolved over millions of years from those plates that had migrated to the mouth. ④Another hypothesis, however, contends that many of the definitive characteristics of vertebrates, such as paired eyes, would not have evolved unless the first vertebrates were predatory. 

①Tiny, spiky Cambrian fossils from small, eel-like animals known as conodonts have important implications for this debate. ②It has been shown that these fossils are teeth from the mouths of conodonts, which may have been among the curliest vertebrates and which otherwise lacked any mineralized skeleton. ③If teeth are more primitive than external plates, then the vertebrate skeleton may have evolved from adaptations to facilitate predation rather than from adaptations to facilitate protection.  

许多古生物学家认为脊椎动物发展出骨骼是为了防御。在这个假说下，寒武纪海洋中第一个软体脊椎动物为了抵御捕食者，开始进化出骨质鳞片或鳞甲。牙齿被认为是这些鳞甲通过百万年的演化发展到嘴部而形成的次生特征。然而另一个假说认为，许多属于脊椎动物的标准特征，比如成对的眼睛，只有在脊椎动物作为捕食者的情况下才会演化出来。

长得像鳗鱼一样的牙形虫那小而尖的寒武纪化石提供了重要的依据。这些化石就是牙形虫的牙齿，它们可能是最弯曲的脊椎动物，除此之外它们没有任何的矿化骨骼。如果牙齿比外骨骼更原始，那么脊椎动物的骨骼就是为了捕食而非保护进化出来的。

8. Select the sentence that spells out the significance of a finding.  

功能题 句子选择题 易

spell out = to make plain 讲清楚，说明白

找一个表明重大发现的句子。文章最后一句。

If teeth are more primitive than external plates, then the vertebrate skeleton may have evolved from adaptations to facilitate predation rather than from adaptations to facilitate protection.  

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

9. The passage suggests that paleontologists who argue that the vertebrate skeleton evolved from adaptations to facilitate protection would agree that the "carnivores” mentioned in the passage 

态度题 中

认为脊椎动物进化出骨骼为了防御的古生物学家会认为食肉动物怎么样。来自一段二三两句

A

A. did not have mineralized teeth 符合。他们认为牙齿是后演化出来的。

B. were covered in bony scales or plates  这些是用来防御的。而食肉动物不需要

C. evolved paired eyes to facilitate predation  无关

10. In the context in which it appears, "contends” most nearly means  

词汇题 中

如果再BC间有疑惑，查一下韦氏里contend的含义即可。不要用中文意对中文意，很容易mismatch.

contend = maintain, assert

C

A. competes  

B. disputes  = to call into question; to contend over. 后面要跟反驳的对象。

就像中文中“他谴责道，这种行为是不对的”，“他谴责这种行为。”

C. maintains  = state, assert

D. remonstrates 激烈抗议，严厉指责

E. struggles 斗争，抵抗