20201110 恶地国家公园 必应壁纸

恶地国家公园 恶地国家公园 在90号州际公路上向西行驶，当你接近南达科他州的Rapid City时，从驾驶员侧往外看，这是你进入野外西部的第一条线索：恶地国家公园广阔、层次分明的景观。它自1939年起就受到了政府的保护，首先是作为国家纪念碑，1978年这天被提升为国家公园之后，更为完整。这个公园保护着24.4万英亩被严重侵蚀的基岩，到处都是化石床，还有美国最大的混草草原，这里有野牛、草原狗和濒临灭绝的黑足动物雪貂。以前这是一个国家公园，印第安人把荒地称为“家园”已经有一万多年了。大约150年前，拉科塔人已经取代其他部落来控制这个地区，与此同时，来自东部的定居者正在破坏整个边境地区的土著权力结构。作为对这些入侵的回应，19世纪末，许多拉科塔人接受了一种被称为“鬼魂舞”的跨部落精神运动。这是一种仪式体系，包括经常在荒地表演的同名圆圈舞，据信这种舞蹈可以阻止白人定居者的入侵，并使当地人免遭暴力。但到了1890年底，这些努力似乎是徒劳的，就在这里的南部，冲突最终导致了受伤的膝盖大屠杀，美军杀死了250多名手无寸铁的拉科塔男女，以及孩子们冲突和随之而来的悲剧是美国历史上最丑陋的篇章之一，但在美国土著历史月里，当我们思考荒地的过去时，它会引起人们的反思，就像构成荒地的基石一样广阔和多层次。

原文:

Heading west on Interstate 90, peek out the driver's side as you approach Rapid City, South Dakota, for the first clue you've entered the Wild West: the expansive, layered landscape of Badlands National Park. It's enjoyed government protection since 1939, first as a national monument and more completely after it was upgraded to national park status on this day in 1978. The park protects 244,000 acres of dramatically eroded bedrock replete with fossil beds—as well as the nation's largest mixed-grass prairie, hosting bison, prairie dogs, and endangered black-footed ferrets.Before it was a national park, Native Americans called the Badlands home for more than 10,000 years. The Lakota had displaced other tribes to control the region by about 150 years ago—the same time settlers from the East were undermining Native power structures throughout the frontier. In response to these incursions, many Lakota in the late 19th century embraced a cross-tribal spiritual movement known as the 'Ghost Dance.' It was a system of rituals—including the namesake circle dance often performed here in the Badlands—believed to impede the encroachment of white settlers and deliver Natives from violence. But those efforts seemed futile by late 1890 as, just south of here, conflicts culminated in the Wounded Knee massacre where US forces killed more than 250 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children.The conflict and ensuing tragedy is one of American history's ugliest chapters—but it bears reflection during Native American History Month as we ponder the Badlands' past, as vast and multilayered as the bedrock that makes it up.

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