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2002年考研英语阅读真题及解析【第四篇】

2022-09-25 11:55 作者:陪看书的小白  | 我要投稿

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注解:标题为红色,翻译为蓝色,分析为绿色

          The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

            Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

            Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

           Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".

          George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you' re a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

          On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

         Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science(NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: laproving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying"as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

           The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicarebilling code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

           Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear..… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".

一、文章结构分析 

本文讲述的是美国法律和医学界对于医生协助病人结束生命这一医疗措施的支持态度。

这篇文章理解起来的困难在于段落数量较多以及意群分散,有时同一意群的内容分为两段论述。

第一、二段:第一段只有一句话,指出最高法院的裁决对医生协助病人结束生命这一现象的重要性,第二段推理证明为什么重要。

第三段:指出医生协助病人结束生命这一现象并不是新鲜事物。

第四段:引用南希·杜勒尔的话说明最高法院的裁决产生的影响在于保护医生,医生在加速病人死亡的时候,总不能帮助他们止痛。认为法律在保护医生。

第五段:引用乔治·安纳斯的话说明医生协助病人自杀也没有违法。认为医生并没有违法。

第六段:说明该裁决的另一个推动因素,即,病人不愿忍受死亡的折磨。对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

第七段:全国科学会发布报告,解释了以上问题的根源,即临终护理的两大问题:一是对病人疼痛处理的不力。二是大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序”,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病人临终时痛苦不堪。

第八段:第一句为主题句,说明对此医学界采取的行动,改善以上两大问题,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。

第九段:采用引证法说明律师可以起关键作用,律师可以让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理。

36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that__________.

[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain

[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

36.从前三段中,我们可以知道_______。

【A】医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制病人的疼痛

【B】医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的

【C】最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束生命

【D】病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀

37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?

[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

37.按照课文,下列哪个观点是正确的?

【A】如果医生冒病人死亡的风险,他将被认为有罪。

【B】现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进行无痛康复。

【C】法院判决,医生可以开大剂量镇痛药。

【D】医生开出的药是否合法不再取决于他们的意图。

38. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is __________.

[A] prolonged medical procedures

[B] inadequate treatment of pain

[C] systematic drug abuse 

[D] insufficient hospital care

38.根据NAS的报告,临终关怀的问题之一是________。

【A】延长的医疗程序

【B】对病痛处理不力

【C】蓄意的药物滥用

【D】医院护理不足

39. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive"(line 4, paragraph 7)?

[A] Bold.

[B] Harmful.

[C] Careless.

[D] Desperate

39.第七段第二行出现的aggressive的含义是什么?

【A】大胆的。

【B】有害的。

【C】粗心的。

【D】不顾一切的。

40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they_______.

[A] manage their patients incompetently

[B] give patients more medicine than needed

[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

40.乔治·安纳斯认为在以下哪一种情况下,医生应该受到制裁?

【A】不能胜任管理病人的工作。

【B】给病人的药物超量。

【C】减少病人的药物剂量。

【D】延长病人不必要的痛苦

二、核心词汇与超纲词汇 

(1)physician-assisted

这个词语的构词法是名词+过去分词=复合形容词,它相当于

assisted by physician(由医生协助的),

类似的词有:

weather-beaten饱经风霜的

state-owned 国有的

(2)implications

(n.)暗示,隐含义,牵连,推论:imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含:implicative(a.)含蓄的,连带的

(3)shield(n.)盾,防护物:(v.)保护,遮蔽。shield...from...:保护…免受…

(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun

(4)homicide(n.)杀人(者),词根cide意为“杀”,如:suicide自杀,patricide

就父,matricide狱父

(5)undertreatment(a.)处理不足或不力。under-前缀意为“未达,未满,不足”,如:underripe不够成熟的

(6)ineffectual(a.)无效的,不起作用的。与ineffective意思相近但是有所区别,ineffectual强调“不起作用”,而ineffective强调“工作效率低”。

(7)hospice(n.)收容所,济贫院

(8)initiatives(n.)首创精神,主动(权),动机:(a.)起始的,初步的,自发的

(9)presumptively(ad.)据推测,可据以推定,可认为是

(10)suspension(n.)悬,吊,悬挂物:悬而未决;保留,中止,暂停,吊销,停职,停学 suspend(v.)

suspensive(a.)

三、阅读答案:B C B B D

四、全文翻译:

         最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决,对于医学界寻求减轻病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意义。

         尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了“双效”的医疗原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的。

         近年来,医生们一直在借用这项原则,为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

          蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护一些医生,他们直到现在还坚持说,在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下,他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。

           波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术,”他说,“尽管医生冒着病人死亡的危险,我们也不能称那些死亡为谋杀,因为医生并没有想杀死病人。假定你是一名医生,只要你的目的不是让病人自杀,你就可以去冒你病人自杀的风险。”

           另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

            就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡:完善临终护理》。报告确定了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序”,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病人临终时痛苦不塔。

           医疗行业正在采取措施,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。

            安纳斯说,在坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理方面,律师可以发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人不必遭受的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至构成“普意虐待病人”。他说,行医执照颁发机构“必须明确表明-------病人痛苦地死亡可以被认为是由于医生治疗不当造成的,应当吊销其行医执照”。






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