外刊双语：土耳其《新闻法》传播假消息最高可判处3年监禁？
原文标题：
Turkey
Fake news and censorship
A harsh new “disinformation” law
土耳其
假新闻和审查
严厉的新“虚假信息”法
The government says it is necessary to fight the spread of fake news on social media
政府称有必要打击社交媒体上假新闻的传播
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TURKISH JOURNALISTS are used to working under political pressure. Now, the rest of the country is feeling it too.
土耳其记者已习惯了在政治高压下工作。现在，全国其他行业也感受到了压力。
A
new media law passed last month criminalises the sharing of “fake
news”, with punishments of up to three years in prison, and 18 months
more if the news has been shared anonymously.
上个月通过的一项《新闻法》将传播“假新闻”定为犯罪，最高可判处三年监禁，如果匿名传播新闻，外加18个月监禁。
[Paragraph 2]
The government says that the law is necessary to fight the spread of disinformation on social-media platforms.
政府称，这项法律对于打击社交媒体平台上虚假信息的传播是必要的。
Other countries, including Germany and America, are also considering legislation to hold the platforms to account.
其他国家（如德国和美国）也在考虑立法追究平台的责任。
But opponents say that Turkey’s law is aimed solely at chilling
criticism of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s regime, seven months
ahead of elections that will be the toughest he has faced in his two
decades in power.
但反对者认为，土耳其这部法律在大选前7个月颁布，这仅仅是为了减少人们对总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安执政的负面批评，而这次选举将是他执政20年来面临的最艰难的一次。
[Paragraph 3]
“It
is upside-down,” said Taylan Yildiz, a former Silicon Valley tech
worker and member of the opposition Iyi party. “The whole world is
speaking about regulating social-media companies. But in Turkey the law
targets individuals.”
前硅谷科技工作者、反对党好党成员泰兰·伊尔迪兹说：“这完全颠倒次序了，全世界都在谈论如何监管社交媒体公司，但土耳其的法律监管的却是个人。”
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Turkey is already one of the world’s biggest jailers of journalists and dissidents.
土耳其已是世界上关押记者和异见人士最多的国家之一。
Those imprisoned are usually accused of falling foul of broad anti-terror laws, or of insulting the president.
被关押者通常被指控违反广义的《反恐法》，或侮辱总统罪。
Once-independent newspapers and television channels have been forcibly closed or sold to pro-Erdogan businessmen.
曾经的无党派报纸和电视频道已被强制关闭，或出售给了总统党的商人。
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In
recent years many ousted journalists have regrouped on social-media
sites, podcasts and YouTube channels, where they find a wide audience:
nine in ten Turks use at least one social-media platform.
近年来，许多被免职的记者们在社交媒体网站、播客和油管频道上重新集结，他们在那里找到了大批读者：十分之九的土耳其人至少使用一个社交媒体平台。
In 2020 the government passed a law requiring the biggest sites to appoint representatives in Turkey, who would be answerable in legal cases and to regulators’ requests to remove content.
2020年，政府通过了一项法律，要求大型平台任命土耳其代理商，他们将在法律案件中承担责任，并根据监管者的要求删除内容。
Many platforms, including YouTube, Facebook and TikTok, have complied with this.
许多平台都遵守了这一规定，例如：油管、脸书和TikTok。
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The new law extends the onus on the platforms to hand over information on users and broadens penalties for non-compliance, including throttling the bandwidth of sites.
新法律增加了平台展示给用户信息的责任，并加大了对违规行为的处罚，包括限制网站带宽。
That
means that social-media access could be severely limited by election
day, although previous blocks on Wikipedia and Twitter meant little for
tech-savvy Turks, who simply switched on their V.Ns.
这意味着到选举日，社交媒体的访问可能会受到严重限制，尽管此前维基百科和Twitter上的限制对精通技术的土耳其人来说意义不大，他们只要打开了自己的V～N就可以了。
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It is not only journalists who are worried about the new law.
担心新法律的不只有记者。
Independent
economists and pollsters are concerned that they will be liable to
prosecution when their findings contradict official data on inflation
and public opinion.
独立经济学家和民调专家担心，如果他们的研究结果与官方通货膨胀和民意数据相矛盾，他们可能会受到法律起诉。
Private citizens are in the firing-line too—merely sharing or liking someone else’s post can now lead to prosecution.
普通公民也易受影响，如今仅仅是分享了或赞了别人的帖子，就可能被起诉。
An army of bureaucrats in the presidency’s communications office combs through social media for critical content.
总统通讯办公室有一群官僚们在社交媒体上仔细搜索关键内容。
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The irony, Turkish press unions say, is that the biggest producers of fake news are the pro-government outlets, which parrot official
statements and run smear campaigns against opponents. One of the
largest media groups is owned by relatives of the president.
土耳其新闻工会称具有讽刺意味的是：假新闻的最大生产者是亲政府的媒体，他们模仿官方声明，对反对者进行诽谤。其中一个最大的媒体集团负责人是总统的亲属。
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“When
the disinformation is coming from politicians, will they be prosecuted
as journalists and citizens are? We know that the answer is ‘no’,” said
Gokhan Durmus, the president of the Turkish Journalists’ Union. “The
government calls it the disinformation law, but from the start we have
been saying it is a censorship law.”
土耳其记者联盟主席戈汗·杜尔姆斯说：“当虚假信息来自政客时，他们会像记者和公民一样被起诉吗？我们知道答案是否定的，政府称之为《虚假信息法》，但我们认为这更像是一部《审查法》。”
（恭喜读完，本篇英语词汇量532左右）
原文出自：2022年11月5日《TE》Europe版块。
精读笔记来源于：自由英语之路
本文翻译整理: Irene
本文编辑校对: Irene
仅供个人英语学习交流使用。
【补充资料】（来自于网络）
10月13日，土耳其议会通过了一项新闻法法案的第29条。第29条规定：“散布有违国家内外安全的虚假或误导性信息，并可能危害公众健康、扰乱公共秩序、在民众中引起恐惧或惊慌的，可判处1至3年的监禁。”此外，如果使用匿名账户传播虚假信息，刑期最多可增加一半。该法案由土耳其总统埃尔多安（RecepTayyip
Erdogan）领导执政的正义与发展党（AKP）和民族行动党（MHP）提出，旨在对散布虚假信息者进行定罪，除报纸、广播、电视外，法案同样适用于社交媒体和网站。但由于法案的指向性非常广泛，引来了众多新闻组织的谴责反对。
【重点句子】（3 个）
The government says that the law is necessary to fight the spread of disinformation on social-media platforms.
政府称，这项法律对于打击社交媒体平台上虚假信息的传播是必要的。
Turkey is already one of the world’s biggest jailers of journalists and dissidents.
土耳其已是世界上关押记者和异见人士最多的国家之一。
Private citizens are in the firing-line too—merely sharing or liking someone else’s post can now lead to prosecution.
普通公民也易受影响，如今仅仅是分享了或赞了别人的帖子，就可能被起诉。
