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【食鸟者】三种夜蝠

2023-07-20 22:18 作者:蝠云蟹  | 我要投稿

南蝠,也就是大夜蝠,这种会吃鸟的飞天老鼠,确实很容易勾起大家的兴趣,然后大家搜索的时候往往会搜出这种情况

图源知乎,右手画诗

众所周知,南蝠应该叫Ia io啊,那上面的大夜蝠又是啥???
这个拉丁文名写的是绒翼山蝠(自己翻的,轻喷)
除此之外,绒翼山蝠还有一个同样会对小鸟下手的亲戚Nyctalus aviator大山蝠

图源iNaturalist.ca
图源iNaturalist.ca
图源Steve Scalise

有兴趣的小伙伴们可以尝试区分一下三个小家伙

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1.分布

南蝠分布范围,图源GBIF
绒翼山蝠分布范围,图源GBIF
大山蝠分布,图源GBIF

顺便提一下,其实南蝠的分布可以延伸到我国东南海岸粤桂闽浙台和琉球甚至邻国日本的九州四国

另外有意思的是,绒翼山蝠是会迁徙的!绒翼山蝠每年春秋季节会跟随鸟群越过捷克斯洛伐克的伏尔塔瓦河谷和耶塞尼克山脉进行迁移。说蝙蝠不能越过山脉迁徙的是谁?快出来挨打!
大山蝠则分布于亚洲东北部,从我国东北三省及朝鲜半岛到日本北海道和本州岛北部

2.耳

南蝠,图源GBIF
绒翼山蝠,图源GBIF
大山蝠,图源Rufford Foundation

南蝠的耳朵比较棱角分明,大致呈现三角形,耳屏相对较小,绒翼山蝠的耳朵相对圆润,耳屏长得跟个大灵芝一样,后耳廓像个大波浪一样,而大山蝠后耳廓没有皱褶
3.牙口

南蝠,图源GBIF
绒翼山蝠,图源GBIF
大山蝠,图源GBIF

三个吃鸟的家伙犬齿都很发达

南蝠粗壮的颅骨,比隔壁鬼蝠属都猛,左泰右中。图源The first record of Ia io Thomas, 1902 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Sundaic Subregion, with a description of a new subspecies from peninsular Thailand
更新世晚期山蝠下颌骨化石,图源New evidence for the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in the Late Pleistocene of western EuropeNouvelle mise en évidence de la noctule géante (Nyctalus lasiopterus) dans le Pléistocène supérieur de l’Ouest de l’Europe

Fig. 2. Left lower mandible of the greater noctule bat Nyctalus lasiopterus from the Abric Romaní, level O: buccal view (a), occlusal view (b). The diagnostic traits of the former include (1) elliptical symphysis with a well-defined ventral projection, (2) one-rooted p3, (3) mental foramen under the anterior margin of p3, (4) antero-lingual cuspule in p4, (5,6) nyctalodont molars, (7) straight entocristid, (8) ventral drop in talonid.

图源New evidence for the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in the Late Pleistocene of western EuropeNouvelle mise en évidence de la noctule géante (Nyctalus lasiopterus) dans le Pléistocène supérieur de l’Ouest de l’Europe
图源New evidence for the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in the Late Pleistocene of western EuropeNouvelle mise en évidence de la noctule géante (Nyctalus lasiopterus) dans le Pléistocène supérieur de l’Ouest de l’Europe

p4: fourth lower premolar; m1: first lower molar; m2: second lower molar; n: sample number; min: minimum; max: maximum; S.D.: standard deviation; L: length taken from the paraconid to hipoconulid; W: talonid width taken from the hipoconulid to the basal hypoconid.

4.食性
食鸟性蝙蝠在不同季节食物种类的占比也各不相同
南蝠在冬季时食物中鸟(其中包括7科22种雀形目在内的85个物种)的占比最高可以超过80%(按鸟类遗骸在蝙蝠粪便中所占的体积比例),而在夏季,南蝠食物中鞘翅目的占比要远高于其他种类的动物

图源Who’s for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io
图源Who’s for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io
图源Who’s for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io

在2013年3月对俄罗斯本土绒翼山蝠粪便的研究显示其中鸟类残骸占粪便总体积的比例超过90%(因为没钱,所以看不到详细内容了呜呜呜,求求观众老爷三连一下吧)
而11月熊谷大山蝠粪便中鸟类遗骸的比例大约在60%

图源Bird predation by the birdlike noctule in Japan
图源Bird predation by the birdlike noctule in Japan

大山蝠的鸟食性并不及其他两种大夜蝠那么强
此外鸟食性蝙蝠与虫食性蝙蝠之间还存在较大的头骨差异

图源Correlation of skull morphology and bite force in a bird-eating bat (Ia io; Vespertilionidae)
图源Correlation of skull morphology and bite force in a bird-eating bat (Ia io; Vespertilionidae)

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三个大夜蝠,欧亚大陆上的三大传奇,在这个全新时代的夜空中刻下属于真兽的荣耀与不屈
这一篇就没有特别鸣谢啦,因为所有工作由蝠云蟹独自完成
谢谢阅读!
参考文献:

Bird predation by the birdlike noctule in Japan 
ヤマコウモリ (Nyctalus aviator) の日中飛翔における採餌行動の確認と気象条件
Ia io Thomas的第一个记录,1902年(哺乳动物:手翅目:Vespertilionidae),来自巽他亚区,描述了来自泰国半岛的新亚种Bird Predation and Selection of Different Insects by Great Evening Bats (Ia io)
Molecular evidence of bird-eating behavior in Nyctalus aviator

Seasonal variation of population and individual dietary niche in the avivorous bat, Ia io

Who’s for dinner? Bird prey diversity and choice in the great evening bat, Ia io

Trophic ecology and predation of the greater Noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in Russia

Calls of a bird-eater: the echolocation behaviour of the enigmatic greater noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus

New evidence for the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in the Late Pleistocene of western EuropeNouvelle mise en évidence de la noctule géante (Nyctalus lasiopterus) dans le Pléistocène supérieur de l’Ouest de l’Europe

Carnivory in the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in Italy

Great Evening Bat Ia io (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from the Pleistocene of Vietnam (Lang Trang Cave)
Correlation of skull morphology and bite force in a bird-eating bat (Ia io; Vespertilionidae)




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