文明史话，古希腊：源起（02）

希腊人

Greeks

在讲完古希腊地区之后，我们接下来要聊一聊关于希腊人的内容。

After the content of the ancient Greek region, we will next talk about the content of the Greeks.

希腊人由四个主要部族组成，多利安人，亚该亚人，爱奥尼亚人（或伊奥尼亚人）和伊奥利亚人。他们使用三种古希腊语方言，多利克希腊语，爱奥尼克希腊语和伊奥利克希腊语，亚该亚人使用多利克方言的一支，被称为亚该亚-多利克希腊语。

The Greeks consisted of four main tribes, the Dorians, Achaeans, Ionians, and Aeolians. They used three Ancient Greek dialects, Doric Greek, Ionic Greek, and Aeolic Greek, and the Achaeans used one of the Doric dialects, known as Achaean-Doric Greek.

（这类似于星灵的奈拉齐姆，塔达林和达拉姆等部族。或者兽人的恶月氏族，死颅氏族和血斧氏族。

This is similar to the Nerazim, Tal'darim, and Daelaam tribes of the Protoss. Or the Bad Moons, Deathskulls, and Blood Axes of the Orks.）

伊奥利亚人起源于色萨利并分布在希腊的很多地方，他们以其所使用的语言，伊奥利克希腊语而见长。伊奥利克希腊语（也被称为莱斯沃斯方言）对于古希腊文学，尤其是抒情诗贡献很大。

The Aeolians, who originated in Thessaly and are found in many places in Greece, are distinguished by the language they speak, Aeolic Greek. The Aeolic Greek, also known as the Lesbian （or Lesbic） dialect, contributed greatly to ancient Greek literature, especially to lyric poetry.

约公元前一千年左右，伊奥利亚人从希腊本土穿越爱琴海迁移到了小亚西海岸的北部，其原因可能和“多利安人入侵”有关。

Around the first millennium B.C., the Aeolians migrated from mainland Greece across the Aegean Sea to the northern part of the western coast of Asia Minor, probably for reasons related to the "Dorian invasion".

到了公元前八世纪，这里的十二个希腊城邦组成了一个联盟，后来这里就以他们的名字被称为伊奥利亚地区。这一地区大概对应今天土耳其的达达尼尔海峡到盖迪兹河的这一区域加上几个近海的岛屿，其中包括了希腊第三大岛，莱斯沃斯岛。

By the eighth century B.C., twelve Aeolian city-states formed a league and the area was named the Aeolis （or Aeolia）region after them. This area was probably the area from the Dardanelles to the Gediz River in present-day Turkey plus several offshore islands, including the third largest island in Greece, Lesbos (Lesvos).

莱斯沃斯岛因著名的女诗人萨福而闻名，她被认为是古希腊最伟大的抒情诗人之一，并被赋予了“第十缪斯”和“女诗人”等称号，她出现在拉斐尔著名的壁画《帕那苏斯山》里面。一直有传闻称萨福是一名女同性恋者，因而她也成为了女性之间爱情和欲望的重要象征。英文当中两个有关于女同性恋者的单词“Sapphic”和“lesbian”就分别来自于她的名字和她的家乡莱斯沃斯岛。

Lesbos is known for the famous poetess Sappho, considered one of the greatest lyric poets of ancient Greece and was given names such as the "Tenth Muse" and "Poetess", who appears in Raphael's famous fresco "The Parnassus". Sappho has long been rumored to be a lesbian, making her an important symbol of love and desire between women. Sappho has long been rumored to be a lesbian, making her an important symbol of love and desire between women. The two English words for lesbian, "Sapphic" and "lesbian", come from her name and her home island of Lesbos, respectively.

亚该亚人（也称“阿开亚人”，“阿开奥斯人”）的内容稍微复杂一些。他们的历史和迈锡尼，伯罗奔尼撒以及多利安人的历史相关联，并且里面涉及到很多的神话和传说。梳理这部分内容会牵扯到众多的角色和他们复杂的关系，请大家一定跟住我的思路。

The history of the Achaeans is complex. Their history is linked to the history of the Mycenae, Peloponnese, and Dorians, and it involves many myths and legends. Sorting out this part will involve numerous characters and their complex relationships, so please be sure to follow my lead.

首先我们需要了解希腊人的起源。

First, we need to know the origin of the Greeks.

根据神话，丢卡利翁和皮拉的儿子名叫赫楞，他是全体希腊人的祖先。我们所说的“希腊”这个名字就来自这个赫楞，而非希腊的英文名“Greece”。还比如我们所说的“德国”的名字是来自于德语“Deutschland”，而非英语“Germany”。

According to mythology, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha was named Hellen, the ancestor of all Greeks. The name we call "Xi La" comes from Hellen, not from the English word "Greece". Another example is that the name "De Guo" is derived from the German word "Deutschland", not the English word "Germany".

赫楞的三个儿子创造了希腊人的几大部族，多鲁斯（或“多洛斯”，“多罗斯”）是多利安人的祖先；伊奥鲁斯（或“伊奥罗斯”，“埃俄罗斯”）是我们刚才提到的伊奥利亚人的祖先；徐图斯后来成为了伯罗奔尼撒的王，他的后代就生活在这里。他和一位名叫克瑞乌萨（或“克鲁萨”）的公主有两个儿子，一个名叫亚该乌斯（或“亚该俄斯”），他是亚该亚人的祖先，“亚该亚”这个名字就来自于亚该乌斯。他的另一个儿子名叫伊昂，他是我们后面要讲到的爱奥尼亚人的祖先。

The three sons of Hellen created several major tribes of the Greeks, Dorus, who was the ancestor of the Dorians; Aeolus, who was the ancestor of the Aeolians we just mentioned; and Xuthus, who later became king of the Peloponnese, where his descendants lived. He and a princess named Creusa had two sons, one of whom was named Achaeus (or Achaios), the ancestor of the Achaeans, from whom the name "Achaea" comes. Another of his sons was named Ion, who was the ancestor of the Ionians, whom we will talk about later.

欧里庇德斯有一个同名戏剧《伊昂》。而希腊神话当中伊奥鲁斯这个名字被三个角色使用，一个是徐图斯的儿子，一个是波塞冬的儿子，还有一个是在《奥德赛》和《埃涅阿斯纪》中出现的风神。

Euripides had a play of the same name "Ion". And the name Aeolus is used by three characters in Greek mythology: one is the son of Xuthus, one is the son of Poseidon, and the other is the god of wind who appears in the Odyssey and the Aeneid.

希罗多德和保萨尼亚斯都提到了亚该亚人最初居住在伯罗奔尼撒的传说。后来迈锡尼文明崛起于伯罗奔尼撒，亚该亚人可能是这一文明的主要民族。

Both Herodotus and Pausanias recount the legend that the Achaeans originally dwelt in the Peloponnese. Later, the Mycenaean civilization rose in the Peloponnese, and the Achaeans were probably the main people of this civilization.

到这里我们需要知道两点内容。首先，神话的一个重要功能是解释部族的起源。其次，亚该亚人是居住在伯罗奔尼撒的“本地人”，后来在伯罗奔尼撒发生的事基本上都和亚该亚人有关，但还不存在一个叫“亚该亚”的地方。

There are two things we need to know. First, an important function of mythology is to explain the origin of the tribes. Secondly, the Achaeans were the "natives" of the Peloponnese, and what happened later in the Peloponnese was related to the Achaeans, but there was no place called "Achaea".

接下来我们需要了解有关于迈锡尼和伯罗奔尼撒“三大家族”的故事。故事要从迈锡尼的创建开始说起。

Next, we need to know the story of Mycenae and the "Three Families" of Peloponnese. The story begins with the founding of Mycenae.

根据神话，宙斯和阿尔戈斯的公主达那厄的儿子珀尔修斯在伯罗奔尼撒半岛的东北部创建了迈锡尼。珀尔修斯娶了埃塞俄比亚的公主安德洛墨达为妻，他们育有九个孩子，七个儿子和两个女儿，开始了珀尔修斯家族的统治。

According to mythology, Perseus, son of Zeus, and Danaë, princess of Argos, founded Mycenae in the northeast of the Peloponnese. He married Andromeda, a princess of Aethiopia, and they had nine children, seven sons, and two daughters, beginning the reign of the Perseus family.

需要注意的是这里的迈锡尼指的是伯罗奔尼撒的北部地区，包括了阿尔戈斯，斯巴达，梯林斯等地区。另外，这里所说的“埃塞俄比亚”是一个古希腊文献当中的术语，它指的是已知世界的尽头，撒哈拉以南或者埃及以南有人居住的非洲地区，而不是今天埃塞俄比亚这个国家。

It is important to note that Mycenae refers to the northern part of the Peloponnese, including Argos, Sparta, and Tiryns. Also, the term Aethiopia is a term used in ancient Greek literature to refer to the inhabited area of Africa at the end of the known world, south of the Sahara or Egypt, and not the country of Ethiopia today.

珀尔修斯家族的统治经历了四代。第二代掌权者是珀尔修斯的儿子厄勒克特律翁，第三代掌权者是珀尔修斯的儿子斯特涅洛斯，第四代是珀尔修斯的孙子欧律斯透斯。

The Perseus family ruled through four generations. The second generation was ruled by Perseus' son Electryon, the third by Perseus' son Sthenelus, and the fourth by Perseus' grandson Eurystheus.

珀尔修斯家族到了欧律斯透斯这里发生了一段插曲。宙斯看上了珀尔修斯的孙女阿尔克墨涅，他变成了她的丈夫安菲特律翁的样子与她发生了关系。然后就在同一天，她真的丈夫安菲特律翁从战场上回来了，夫妻同房。就这样阿尔克墨涅怀了两名不同男性的双胞胎，这类似我们现在所说的同期异父复孕。

An episode of the Perseus family occurred here in Eurystheus. Zeus fell in love with Perseus' granddaughter, Alcmene, who took the form of her husband, Amphitryon, and had sex with her. Then on the same day, her real husband Amphitryon returned from the battlefield, and the couple had sex. Alcmene was pregnant with twins of two different males, which is similar to what we now call Superfecundation.

赫拉听说了这件事，她不满自己的丈夫宙斯和凡人女子有染，于是她就伺机报复阿尔克墨涅和她的孩子。在阿尔克墨涅即将分娩的那天，赫拉说服宙斯发誓要让当晚出生的珀尔修斯家族的孩子成为迈锡尼的国王。宙斯当然很高兴自己的后代可以成为国王，于是他就发了誓。但他不知道的是赫拉隐瞒了一件事，珀尔修斯家族在这一天会有两位女性分娩。赫拉从中作梗，她让分娩女神使阿尔克墨涅的衣服打结而延缓了她的分娩，然后她让另一名女性的孩子提前出生，这个孩子就是欧律斯透斯。

When Hera heard about this, she was upset that her husband Zeus was having an affair with a mortal woman, so she waited for an opportunity to take revenge on Alcmene and her children. On the day Alcmene was due to give birth, Hera persuaded Zeus to swear an oath that the child of the Perseus family, born that night, would be king of Mycenae. Zeus, of course, was delighted that his offspring could become king, so he swore the oath. But what he didn't know was that Hera had concealed the fact that the Perseus family would have two women give birth on the same day. Hera interfered by forcing the goddess of childbirth to tie Alcmene's clothing in knots to delay her delivery. Meanwhile, she caused the birth of another woman's child, Eurystheus, to come early.

情况紧急，阿尔克墨涅的仆人欺骗分娩女神说阿尔克墨涅已经生下了孩子，分娩女神由于惊讶而松开了困住阿尔克墨涅的结，她生下了一对双胞胎，一个孩子名叫伊菲克勒斯，这是她和她丈夫安菲特律翁的孩子，另一个孩子名叫赫拉克勒斯，这是她和宙斯的孩子。

In an emergency, Alcmene's servant deceived the goddess of childbirth that Alcmene had already delivered the baby. The goddess of childbirth was surprised and loosened the knot that trapped Alcmene, and she gave birth to twins, one named Iphicles, the child of her and her husband Amphitryon, and the other named Heracles, the child of her and Zeus.

迈锡尼国王的位子本来应该是赫拉克勒斯的，但由于赫拉让欧律斯透斯提前出生他就成为了国王。赫拉克勒斯和欧律斯透斯因为这件事成为仇人，他们的梁子就算是结下了。也正是从这里开始赫拉克勒斯家族从珀尔修斯家族当中分离了出来。

The king of Mycenae was supposed to be Heracles, but since Hera let Eurystheus be born early, he became the king. Heracles and Eurystheus became arch-enemies from then on. It is from here that the Heracles family was separated from the Perseus family.

赫拉克勒斯也称“大力神”，他是珀尔修斯的曾孙和兄弟，关系有点乱是吧。因为从宙斯那里论的话他们都是宙斯的后代，他们是同父异母的兄弟。赫拉克勒斯这个角色很重要，他以其“十二伟业”而著称，他是希腊最伟大的英雄。他的子嗣众多，很多国王都声称自己是“大力神”赫拉克勒斯的后裔，并且其艺术形象对世界文化影响深远。

Heracles is the great-grandson and brother of Perseus, and their relationship is messy, right? They were both descendants of Zeus, and they were half-brothers. They were both descendants of Zeus, and they were half-brothers. Heracles is very important, he is known for his "Twelve Labours" and he is the greatest hero of Greece. His descendants were numerous, with many kings claiming descent from Heracles, and his artistic images profoundly impacted world culture.

赫拉克勒斯的经历十分坎坷，主要是因为天后赫拉一直在迫害他。在希腊神话当中宙斯经常和别人有染。他的情人有男有女，有神，有仙女还有凡人，并且他的私生子众多，赫拉也经常迫害他们，但可以感觉到她尤其痛恨赫拉克勒斯。在很多数时候赫拉都是点到为止，但对于赫拉克勒斯她是下死手的。

Heracles had a very difficult experience, mainly because Hera had been persecuting him. In Greek mythology, Zeus often had affairs with others. His lovers were men and women, gods, nymphs, and mortals, and he had many illegitimate offspring, and Hera often persecuted them, but we can feel that she hated Heracles in particular. Hera's persecution of them was moderate in most cases, but she wanted to get Heracles killed.

比如在赫拉克勒斯的第一次婚姻当中，赫拉让赫拉克勒斯发疯了，他在疯狂当中亲手杀死了自己的妻子和孩子。当他清醒过来之后为时已晚，他跑到德尔斐请求神谕。神谕告诉他要听候他的仇敌欧律斯透斯的差遣，并且要完成欧律斯透斯交代给他的任何事情。如果他完成了这些事情他的罪孽就可以得到净化并获得不朽。而赫拉克勒斯不知道的是这个神谕也是赫拉告诉他的。

For example, in Heracles' first marriage, Hera drove Heracles so mad that he killed his wife and children with his own hands. When he came to his senses, it was too late and he fled to Delphi to ask for an oracle. The Oracle directed him to be at the service of his enemy, Eurystheus, and to accomplish whatever Eurystheus gave him to do. If he accomplished these things, his sins would be purified and he would be granted immortality. What Heracles did not know was that the Oracle was also guided to him by Hera.

后来欧律斯透斯给赫拉克勒斯布置了很多十分艰难的任务，这些任务都被赫拉克勒斯一一完成了，这就被称为“赫拉克勒斯的十二伟业”。

Later, Eurystheus gave Heracles many very difficult tasks, which were all accomplished by Heracles, which became known as "The Twelve Labours of Heracles".

赫拉克勒斯有过四次婚姻，他的每次婚姻都会留下很多后代，他的子嗣们就被称为“赫拉克勒斯后裔”。在他的第三次婚姻当中，他的妻子德伊阿妮拉给了他一件沾有毒血的衣服，他在不知情的情况下穿上了这件衣服然后中毒了。他在痛苦之中给自己搭了一个柴堆，然后将自己烧死。

Heracles had four marriages, and each of his marriages left many offspring, who became known as "Heracleidae". In his third marriage, his wife, Deianira, gave him a shirt stained with poisoned blood, which he wore unknowingly and then was poisoned. In his agony, he built himself a pyre and burned himself to death.

在赫拉克勒斯死后，他的后代被欧律斯透斯赶出了伯罗奔尼撒，他家族的财产也被欧律斯透斯所占有。赫拉克勒斯和德伊阿妮拉的长子希洛斯带领他的族人开始了流浪的生活。他们一路辗转来到了雅典避难。

After the death of Heracles, his descendants were driven out of Peloponnese by Eurystheus, and the property of his family was taken by him. Hyllus, the eldest son of Heracles and Deianira, led his people on a wandering life. They moved to Athens to take refuge.

但是欧律斯透斯仍然不想放过他们，他想彻底消灭赫拉克勒斯的后代以绝后患。他来到了雅典并要求雅典人交出赫拉克勒斯的后代但遭到拒绝，之后他进攻了雅典但被击败，欧律斯透斯和他的儿子们全部被杀。珀尔修斯家族在迈锡尼的统治随着欧律斯透斯的死而终结。关于谁杀死了欧律斯透斯说法不一，人们普遍认为是希洛斯。

But Eurystheus still did not want to let them go, he wanted to destroy the descendants of Heracles to eliminate the future. He came to Athens and demanded that the Athenians hand over the descendants of Heracles but was refused, after which he attacked Athens but was defeated and Eurystheus and his sons were all killed. The reign of the Perseus family in Mycenae came to an end with the death of Eurystheus. There are conflicting stories as to who killed Eurystheus, but it is widely believed that it was Hyllus.

以上这部分内容就是有关于迈锡尼的创建，珀尔修斯家族的兴衰，赫拉克勒斯家族的流亡以及两大家族的恩怨。请大家跟住我的思路，故事来到了第二场。我们还是以迈锡尼为主线展开剧情。

This part is about the creation of Mycenae, the rise and fall of the Perseus family, the exile of the Heracles family, and the feud between the two families. Please follow my thoughts as the story comes to the second scene. We still use Mycenae as the main line to start the plot.

在欧律斯透斯死后，他曾经收留的两个人阿特柔斯和提厄斯特斯兄弟接管了迈锡尼。到这里，另一个重要的势力登场了，阿特柔斯家族。

After the death of Eurystheus, the two men he had taken in, the brothers Atreus and Thyestes, took over Mycenae. Here, another important power came on the scene, the Atreus family.

不同于珀尔修斯家族，阿特柔斯家族具有悲剧色彩。这个家族被背叛和谋杀所折磨，很多成员都死于非命，这被称为“阿特柔斯家族的诅咒”。这个诅咒始于阿特柔斯之前的两代人，并延续到他之后的两代人。这里面的故事大家可以自己去查，细节我就不展开讲了。

Unlike the Perseus family, the Atreus family has tragic overtones. The family was tormented by betrayal and murder, and many of its members died, which is called "the curse of the Atreides". The curse began two generations before Atreus and continued for two generations after him. About the family's story you can find out for yourself, I will not expand on the details.

阿特柔斯家族生活在伯罗奔尼撒的西北部的奥林匹亚一带。这里我们需要通过几个重要的人物来了解这个家族的世代关系。阿特柔斯家族始于坦塔罗斯，坦塔罗斯的儿子是珀罗普斯，珀罗普斯的儿子是阿特柔斯，阿特柔斯的儿子是阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯。

The Atreus family lived in the northwest of Peloponnese, around Olympia. We need to know some important figures to understand the generations of this family. The Atreus family began with Tantalus, whose son was Pelops, whose son was Atreus, and whose sons were Agamemnon and Menelaus.

阿特柔斯家族和珀尔修斯家族有亲戚关系，阿特柔斯家族有几位女性嫁入了珀尔修斯家族，比如珀罗普斯的女儿欧律狄刻嫁给了珀尔修斯的儿子厄勒克特律翁，她是赫拉克勒斯的奶奶。另外，俄耳甫斯的妻子也叫欧律狄刻。

The Atreus family is related to the Perseus family, and several women from the Atreus family married into the Perseus family, such as Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops, who married Electryon, the son of Perseus, and who was the grandmother of Heracles. In addition, Orpheus' wife was also named Eurydice.

阿特柔斯和他的双胞胎兄弟提厄斯忒斯因为谋杀了他们同父异母的兄弟克里西普斯而逃离家乡，他们跑到了迈锡尼避难，欧律斯透斯收留了他们。在欧律斯透斯追杀赫拉克勒斯后裔而离开迈锡尼的时候，他让他们暂时管理迈锡尼。但在欧律斯透斯死后，他们成为了迈锡尼的统治者。然后阿特柔斯把和他一同逃难的兄弟提厄斯特斯赶出了迈锡尼，自己成为了国王。迈锡尼的统治权就这样到了阿特柔斯家族手中。后来阿特柔斯有了两个儿子，阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯。

Atreus and his twin brother Thyestes fled their homeland because they had murdered their half-brother Chrysippus, and they took refuge in Mycenae, where Eurystheus took them in. When Eurystheus left Mycenae in pursuit of the descendants of Heracles, he let them temporarily govern Mycenae. But after the death of Eurystheus, they became the rulers of Mycenae. Then Atreus drove his brother Thyestes, who had fled with him, out of Mycenae and became king himself. The rule of Mycenae came into the hands of the Atreus family. Later Atreus had two sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus.

被赶跑的提厄斯特斯后来有了一个儿子名叫埃癸斯托斯，他杀死了阿特柔斯并将迈锡尼的王位交给了他的父亲并且将阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯驱逐出了迈锡尼。阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯两人一路流亡到了斯巴达并被国王廷达瑞斯所收留。这里就涉及到了第二条故事线，斯巴达。

The exiled Thyestes later had a son named Aegisthus, who killed Atreus and gave the throne of Mycenae to his father, and expelled Agamemnon and Menelaus from Mycenae. Agamemnon and Menelaus wandered to Sparta and were taken in by King Tyndareus. Here comes the second storyline, Sparta.

珀尔修斯的一个女儿名叫戈尔戈福涅，名字意为“戈尔贡杀手”，这个名字是为了纪念他的父亲杀死戈尔贡三姐妹之一的美杜莎。戈尔戈福涅的第二任丈夫是斯巴达的国王俄巴鲁斯，他们的儿子就是廷达瑞斯。廷达瑞斯后来娶了埃托利亚的公主丽达（或“勒达”，“莉妲”）为妻。

One of Perseus' daughters was named Gorgophone, which means "Gorgon Slayer" and was named in honor of his father who killed Medusa, one of the three Gorgon sisters. Gorgophone's second husband was Oebalus, king of Sparta, and their son was Tyndareus. Tyndareus later married Leda, a princess of Aetolia.

宙斯看上了廷达瑞斯的妻子，他变成天鹅勾引丽达并与她交合，这就是著名的“丽达与天鹅”的故事。在同一天，丽达又和自己的丈夫同床，当晚她下了两个蛋。从每个蛋里面孵出两个孩子，两男两女。两个男孩名叫卡斯托尔和波鲁克斯，他俩合称“迪奥斯库里”兄弟。两个女孩名叫克吕泰姆涅斯特拉和海伦。

Zeus fell in love with the wife of Tyndareus, who turned into a swan to seduce Leda and have intercourse with her, which is the famous story of "Leda and the Swan". On the same day, Leda makes love to her husband and that night she lays two eggs. Two children hatched from each egg, two boys and two girls. Two boys named Castor and Pollux, together called "Dioscuri". The two girls are named Clytemnestra and Helen.

关于这四个孩子当中哪些孩子是廷达瑞斯的后代，哪些是宙斯的后代以及哪个孩子是从哪个蛋中孵化出来的记载不一，但通常的说法是其中的两个孩子是廷达瑞斯的，并且海伦是宙斯的女儿。

Which children are the offspring of Tyndareus, which are the offspring of Zeus, and which children were hatched from which eggs is not consistent among accounts, but the common story is that two of the children are Tyndareus' and that Helen is the daughter of Zeus.

当阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯逃到斯巴达时他们被廷达瑞斯收留并在此生活数年，他俩还分别娶了廷达瑞斯（海伦的养父）的两个女儿。克吕泰姆涅斯特拉嫁给了阿伽门农，海伦嫁给了墨涅拉俄斯。再后来，在廷达瑞斯的帮助下，阿伽门农和墨涅拉俄斯又重新夺回了迈锡尼的统治权，他们将埃癸斯托斯和提厄斯特斯父子赶出了迈锡尼，阿伽门农成为了迈锡尼的国王。并且在廷达瑞斯和丽达退位之后，墨涅拉俄斯和海伦成为斯巴达的统治者。根据欧里庇德斯的戏剧，廷达瑞斯在特洛伊战争结束之后，墨涅拉俄斯返回斯巴达的时候还活着。这人真挺神的。

When Agamemnon and Menelaus fled to Sparta they were taken in by Tyndareus and lived there for several years, and they married the two daughters of Tyndareus（Helen's adoptive father）. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon and Helen married Menelaus. Then later, with the help of Tyndareus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus regained the rule of Mycenae, and they drove Aegisthus and Thyestes, father and son, out of Mycenae, and Agamemnon became king. And after the abdication of Tyndareus and Leda, Menelaus and Helen became the rulers of Sparta. According to the play of Euripides, Tyndareus was still alive when Menelaus returned to Sparta after the Trojan War. This character is amazing.

海伦被称为“世界上最美丽的女人”，她和墨涅拉俄斯育有一个女儿名叫赫尔弥俄涅。她的妈妈海伦被特洛伊的王子帕里斯劫走的这一年她只有九岁，并且在战前她已经被许配给了阿伽门农的儿子俄瑞斯特斯。

Helen was called "the most beautiful woman in the world" and she had a daughter named Hermione with Menelaus. She was just nine years old when her mother Helen was taken by Paris, the prince of Troy, and before the war, she had been betrothed to Agamemnon's son Orestes.

“赫尔弥俄涅”这个名字大家可能会觉得陌生，但这个名字还有另一个译名叫做“赫敏”。这个名字大家可能相对熟悉，她就是哈利波特系列电影中演员艾玛·沃特森所扮演的角色的名字。不过哈利波特当中赫敏的名字是来自于莎士比亚的作品《冬天的故事》里面的角色埃尔米奥娜，她是一位贤惠美丽的西西里女王。这三个角色名字的拼写完全一样，只是译名不同。她们除了都很漂亮之外没有什么联系。

The name "Hermione" may seem strange to you, but there is another translation of this name called "He Min". The name "He Min" may be relatively familiar to you, she is the name of the character played by the actress Emma Watson in the Harry Potter film series. But the name of Hermione in Harry Potter is from the character Hermione in William Shakespeare's work "The Winter's Tale", she is a virtuous and beautiful Queen of Sicily. The spelling of these three characters' names is the same, only the translation is different. They have no connection except that they are all pretty.

后来发生的故事就是由“不和的金苹果”所引发的一系列事件。墨涅拉俄斯的妻子海伦被特洛伊的王子帕里斯劫走直接导致了十年的特洛伊战争，他的哥哥阿伽门农是这场战争中希腊联军的统帅。特洛伊战争可能就发生在公元前十三世纪的迈锡尼文明时期。荷马在《伊利亚特》当中使用亚该亚人这个名称来指代所有希腊人。

What happened afterward was a series of events triggered by the "Golden Apple of Discord". The abduction of Helen, wife of Menelaus, by the Trojan prince Paris directly led to the ten-year Trojan War, in which his brother Agamemnon was the commander of the Greek allied forces. The Trojan War probably took place during the Mycenaean civilization in the thirteenth century B.C. Homer uses the name Achaeans in the Iliad to refer to all Greeks.

将军百战死，壮士十年归。

After ten years of war, the Greeks returned home.

墨涅拉俄斯在战后返回了斯巴达并和海伦和解。他是阿特柔斯家族少有的得到善终的人。

Menelaus returned to Sparta after the war and reconciled with Helen. He was one of the few of the Atreus family to receive a good end.

阿伽门农由于在战争初期向阿尔忒弥斯献祭了他的女儿伊菲革涅亚而被他的妻子所记恨。在战后当他回到迈锡尼时，他的妻子克吕泰姆涅斯特拉为了给女儿报仇伙同她的情人埃癸斯托斯将他杀死，埃癸斯托斯再一次成为了迈锡尼的国王。这个埃癸斯托斯就是之前杀死阿特柔斯的提厄斯特斯的儿子。至于他是怎么和阿伽门农的老婆搞到一起的说法有很多。总之，阿特柔斯家族的事很复杂。

Agamemnon was hated by his wife because he sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to Artemis at the beginning of the war. When he returned to Mycenae after the war, his wife, Clytemnestra, killed him with her lover, Aegisthus, to avenge her daughter's death, and Aegisthus became king of Mycenae once again. This Aegisthus is the son of Thyestes who killed Atreus before. As for how he got involved with Agamemnon's wife there are many stories. In short, the Atreus family is complicated.

阿伽门农和克吕泰姆涅斯特拉的儿子俄瑞斯特斯被人从迈锡尼救了出来而逃过一劫。七年之后，俄瑞斯特斯返回迈锡尼杀死了自己的亲妈和埃癸斯托斯为自己的父亲报仇。

Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, escaped death by being rescued from Mycenae. Seven years later, Orestes returned to Mycenae and slayed his mother and Aegisthus to avenge his father’s death.

俄瑞斯特斯由于犯下了杀害血亲的罪行而被复仇女神所纠缠，终日不得安宁。这件事惊动了诸神，他们在雅典组织了一个法庭对他进行了一次审判，法官包括雅典娜在内共有十二名。诸神对他是有罪还是无罪进行了投票，计票结果为平局，俄瑞斯特斯被判无罪释放。就这样，被厄运蹂躏的阿特柔斯家族的一代又一代人，直到俄瑞斯特斯在诸神的法庭上被判无罪他们才终于得以解脱。“阿特柔斯家族的诅咒”也随着这一次审判而结束。

Orestes was pursued by the Furies for the crime of killing his blood relatives, and he had no peace all day long. When the gods learned of this, they organized a court of twelve judges in Athens, including Athena, to conduct a trial against him. The gods voted on whether he was guilty or innocent, and the tally was a tie, so Orestes was acquitted. Thus, successive generations of the Atreus family, ravaged by misfortune, were finally relieved only when Orestes was acquitted in the court of the gods. The "curse of the House of Atreus" came to an end with this trial.

俄瑞斯特斯在被释放后成为了迈锡尼的国王，并且他的统治进一步扩大，包括了整个伯罗奔尼撒。他娶了战前就已经许配给他的赫尔弥俄涅为妻，他们的儿子叫做提萨梅努斯。最后，俄瑞斯特斯在伯罗奔尼撒中部的阿卡迪亚被蛇咬死。

Orestes became king of Mycenae after his release, and his rule was further extended to include the whole Peloponnese. He married Hermione, who had been betrothed to him before the war, and their son was called Tisamenus. Finally, Orestes died of a snakebite in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese.

这部分我们主要梳理了一下有关于阿特柔斯家族，迈锡尼，斯巴达和特洛伊战争的内容。故事还有第三场。

The above is the content of the Atreus family, Mycenae, Sparta, and the Trojan War. There is a third scene in the story.

在俄瑞斯特斯死后，他的儿子提萨梅努斯继承了王位。他是阿特柔斯家族在迈锡尼的最后一任国王，因为在这个时候，赫拉克勒斯的后裔回来了。

After the death of Orestes, his son Tisamenus succeeded to the throne. He was the last king of the House of Atreus in Mycenae, for at this time the descendants of Heracles returned.

前面我们提到，赫拉克勒斯的后代被他们的仇敌欧律斯透斯追杀到了雅典，他本人战死在了那里。见仇敌已死，赫拉克勒斯的长子希洛斯随后打算率领他的族人们返回伯罗奔尼撒重新夺回属于自己的土地和财产，但他们在这里逗留了一年之后因为一场瘟疫而被迫退出了。他们再次开始了居无定所的生活。

As we mentioned earlier, the descendants of Heracles were pursued by the arch-enemy Eurystheus to Athens, where he died in battle. Seeing that his enemies were dead, Heracles' eldest son Hyllus then intended to lead his people back to the Peloponnese to regain their land and property, but after a year's stay, they were forced by a pestilence to quit. They started their wandering life again.

他们一路流浪到了色萨利，在那里他们不仅获得了一块土地并站稳了脚跟，并且还扩大了自己的领土，将许多的部落纳入囊中。事情还要从希洛斯父亲的那辈人说起。这是一段有关于赫拉克勒斯和多利安人的往事。

They wandered to Thessaly, where they not only acquired land and established their territory, but also expanded their territory to include many tribes. The story also starts with the generation of Hyllus' father. This is a story about Heracles and the Dorians.

埃癸弥乌斯是咱们前面提到的多利安人的祖先多鲁斯的儿子，他是居住在色萨利的多利安人的部落首领，或者王。在一次多利安人对拉庇泰人的战争当中，他请求赫拉克勒斯帮助他们，并且他答应赫拉克勒斯如果自己征服了拉庇泰人，会将自己三分之一的领土赠给他。后来在赫拉克勒斯的帮助下埃癸弥乌斯征服了拉庇泰人，他信守承诺将自己三分之一的领土赠与了赫拉克勒斯，但赫拉克勒斯没要，将领土又还给了他。赫拉克勒斯事了拂衣去，埃癸弥乌斯就这样欠了他一个人情。

Aegimius was the son of Dorus, the ancestor of the Dorians we mentioned earlier, and he was the tribal leader (or king) of the Dorians living in Thessaly. During a war between the Dorians and the Lapiths, he asked Heracles to help them, and he promised Heracles that if he conquered the Lapiths, he would give him one-third of his territory. Later, with the help of Heracles, Aegimius conquered Lapiths, and he kept his promise to give one-third of his territory to Heracles, but Heracles did not take the land for himself, but gave it back to him. Heracles left, and Aegimius thus owed him a favor.

如今赫拉克勒斯的后裔辗转来到了色萨利，来到了多利安人的地盘，埃癸弥乌斯收留了他们并将赫拉克勒斯的儿子希洛斯收为养子。更重要的是埃癸弥乌斯将当年给赫拉克勒斯的承诺兑现给了他的儿子，将自己三分之一的领土赠与了他。就这样赫拉克勒斯的后裔终于有了自己的土地。这个事件标志着赫拉克勒斯后裔和多利安人的融合，这一点很重要。

Now the descendants of Heracles came to Thessaly, to the land of the Dorians, and Aegimius took them in and adopted Heracles' son Hyllus. What is more important is that Aegimius honored the promise given to Heracles back then to his son by gifting him one-third of his territory. Thus the descendants of Heracles finally had their land. This event was important, it marked the integration of the descendants of Heracles and the Dorians.

在埃癸弥乌斯死后，他的两个儿子潘菲罗斯和迪马斯臣服于希洛斯。到这时，希洛斯事实上已经拥有了色萨利全部的多利安人的土地并且成为了多利安人的首领。多利安人的三个分支就以这三个人的名字被命名为了潘菲利亚，迪马那斯和希利安。

After the death of Aegimius, his two sons, Pamphylus and Dymas, submitted to Hyllus. By this time, Hyllus owned all the Dorian lands in Thessaly and became the leader of the Dorians. The three branches of the Dorians were named after these three heroes as Pamphylia, Dymanes, and Hylleans.

希洛斯的父亲以及他族人被赫拉以及欧律斯透斯所迫害的记忆一直萦绕在他的心中，他也一直没有忘记他们被赶出伯罗奔尼撒居无定所的日子。如今他已经成为了多利安人的首领，他关心的只有一件事，征服伯罗奔尼撒，得到他们本应拥有也必将拥有的一切，只有这样他父亲和他族人所蒙受的屈辱才可以得到洗刷。如今他已经有了可以一搏的实力，只欠一个好的时机。

The memory of the persecution of his father and his people by Hera and Eurystheus haunted him, and he never forgot the days when they were driven out of the Peloponnese and left without shelter. Now that he had become the chief of the Dorians, he was concerned with only one thing: conquering the Peloponnese and acquiring what they should and would have so that the humiliation suffered by his father and his people could be cleared. Now that he has the strength to fight, he only needs an opportunity.

希洛斯请求德尔斐神谕，询问他能否前往伯罗奔尼撒。神谕告诉他两句话，首先他要等待“第三个果实”（或“第三次收获”），其次要从“一条狭窄的海上通道”进入伯罗奔尼撒。

Hyllus consulted the Delphic Oracle, asking if he could head to the Peloponnese. The Oracle told him two things: first, he had to wait for "the third fruit" (or "the third crop"), and second, he had to enter the Peloponnese by "a narrow passage by sea".

三年之后，希洛斯率领部族通过科林斯地峡进攻伯罗奔尼撒，他遇上了欧律斯透斯的继任者阿特柔斯。这次进攻没有成功，希洛斯战死。此后他们又进行了第二次尝试，仍以失败告终。希洛斯的儿子克里奥迪乌斯进行的第三次尝试和他的孙子阿里斯托马科斯进行的第四次尝试都没有成功。

Three years later, Hyllus led his tribe through the Isthmus of Corinth to attack the Peloponnesus, where he met Eurystheus' successor, Atreus. The attack was unsuccessful and Hyllus was killed in battle. After that, they made a second attempt, which still failed. A third attempt by Hyllus' son Cleodaeus and a fourth attempt by his grandson Aristomachus were unsuccessful.

阿里斯托马科斯的三个儿子泰米努斯，阿里斯托德穆斯和克瑞斯丰忒斯意识到神谕告诉他们的“第三个果实”是指“第三代人”，也就是从希洛斯开始之后的第三代人，正好是泰米努斯的这代人。而“狭窄的海上通道”指的不是科林斯地峡，而是指科林斯湾的里翁海峡。里翁是伯罗奔尼撒的最北端，这里距离希腊本土南部的安提里翁非常近。有多近呢，2004年通车的里翁-安提里翁大桥全长2880米。

Aristomachus' three sons, Temenus, Aristodemus, and Cresphontes, realized that "the third fruit" that the oracle told them meant "the third generation," that is, the third generation after Hyllus, which happened to be Temenus' generation. And "the narrow passage by sea" does not refer to the Isthmus of Corinth, but to the Strait of Rio in the Gulf of Corinth. Rio is the northernmost point of the Peloponnese, which is very close to Antirrio, in the south of mainland Greece. How close is it? The Rio-Antirrio Bridge, which opened in 2004, is 2,880 meters long.

在他们正确地理解神谕的启示后，泰米努斯和兄弟们率领多利安人乘船从里翁进入了伯罗奔尼撒，他们与半岛的统治者俄瑞斯特斯的儿子提萨梅努斯进行了一场决战。提萨梅努斯战败被杀，迈锡尼的统治权易主，阿特柔斯家族在伯罗奔尼撒的统治结束。赫拉克勒斯的后裔，或者说多利安人成功征服了伯罗奔尼撒，他们成为了半岛新的主人。这次征服被认为发生在特洛伊战争结束后的八十年左右。而这次征服就被称为“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回归”，但它在之后的历史当中还有一个我们前面反复提到过的名字，“多利安人入侵”。这里需要大家注意，这两个概念并不是一回事，我后面会详细说。

After they correctly understood the revelation of the Oracle, Temenus and his brothers led the Dorians in ships from Rio into the Peloponnese, where they fought a decisive battle with Tisamenus, son of Orestes, the ruler of the peninsula. Tisamenus was defeated and slain, and the rule of Mycenae changed hands, ending the rule of the House of Atreus in the Peloponnese. The descendants of Heracles, or the Dorians, succeeded in conquering the Peloponnese, and they became the new masters of the peninsula. This conquest is thought to have taken place about eighty years after the end of the Trojan War. This conquest is known as the "Return of the Heraclidae", but it also goes by the name we have repeatedly mentioned before the "Dorian Invasion". It is important to note here that these two concepts are not the same thing, which I will elaborate on later.

此后，阿尔戈斯，斯巴达，科林斯和马其顿的王室都声称他们有多利安人的血统或者是“大力神”赫拉克勒斯的后裔。而赫拉克勒斯家族在伯罗奔尼撒的统治一直持续到了斯巴达的衰落，也就是公元前192年斯巴达被亚该亚同盟击败并被迫加入同盟。

Thereafter the royal houses of Argos, Sparta, Corinth, and Macedonia all claimed to have Dorian blood or to be descended from Heracles. And the rule of the Heracles family in the Peloponnese lasted until the fall of Sparta, which was 192 BC when Sparta was defeated by the Achaean League and forced to join it.

根据希罗多德和保萨尼亚斯的说法，在传说中的多利安人入侵期间，生活在伯罗奔尼撒的亚该亚人有的被征服，有的被驱逐到了半岛的北部，这一地区便得名“亚该亚”。而在历史当中，在迈锡尼文明毁灭之后，亚该亚人可能继续生活在伯罗奔尼撒。这里就是传说和历史的交界处了。亚该亚人在古典希腊时期居住在伯罗奔尼撒半岛北部的亚该亚地区，并且他们和其他的希腊主要部族不同，亚该亚人没有单独的语言，他们使用多利克希腊语。

According to Herodotus and Pausanias, during the legendary Dorian invasion, the Achaeans living in the Peloponnese were either conquered or deported to the northern part of the peninsula, giving the area its name "Achaea". And in history, after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, the Achaeans probably continued to live in the Peloponnese. This is where legend and history meet. The Achaeans lived in the region of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese in classical Greek times, and unlike the other major Greek tribes, the Achaeans did not have a separate dialect; they spoke the Doric Greek.

在公元前五世纪之后，先后形成了两个以亚该亚为中心的城邦联盟，它们在伯罗奔尼撒战争之后的历史当中产生了重要的影响。其影响不仅限于伯罗奔尼撒半岛北部和中部，还包括了希腊大陆的南部。

After the fifth century B.C., two Achaea-centered city-state confederations were formed, which had an important influence on the history after the Peloponnesian War. Their influence was not limited to the northern and central Peloponnese but also included the southern part of mainland Greece.

第一个亚该亚同盟成立于公元前五世纪，第二个亚该亚同盟成立于公元前280年。在这期间同盟不断在马其顿和罗马之间周旋并在第二次马其顿战争当中联合罗马击败斯巴达并控制了整个伯罗奔尼撒半岛，但好景不长。在马其顿被罗马击败之后，同盟在公元前146年的亚该亚战争结束之后被解散，亚该亚被并入罗马的马其顿行省。公元前27年，奥古斯都将这里设立为一个单独的行省，亚该亚行省。

The first Achaean League was founded in the fifth century B.C. and the second in 280 B.C. During this period, the League continued to maneuver between Macedonia and Rome and united with Rome to defeat Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese in the Second Macedonian War, but it did not last long. After Macedonia was defeated by Rome, the League was dissolved after the Achaean War in 146 BC and Achaea was incorporated into the Roman province of Macedonia. In 27 BC Augustus established it as a separate province, the province of Achaea（Achaia）.

以上这部分就是有关于赫拉克勒斯家族，多利安人和亚该亚人的内容。有一点需要我们注意，那就是亚该亚人即使不是迈锡尼人的后裔，也是和迈锡尼有很大关系的。

The above section is about the family of Heracles, the Dorians, and the Achaeans. One thing we need to pay attention to is that the Achaeans are very much related to Mycenae, even if they are not descended from the Mycenaeans.

简单总结一下。我们通过伯罗奔尼撒三大家族的兴衰，从神话到传说再到历史，简单串了一下有关于迈锡尼，亚该亚人和多利安人的内容。

To summarize. We have connected the contents of the Mycenae, Achaeans, and Dorians through the rise and fall of the three Peloponnesian families, from myth to legend to history.

讲完上述这些内容，多利安人的故事我们也就知道了。

After telling all of the above, the story of the Dorians is known to us.

一种被广泛相信的说法是，多利安人起源于希腊北方的山区，可能是马其顿或伊庇鲁斯一带，他们由于某些原因南下进入伯罗奔尼撒半岛并在克里特岛，罗德岛，西西里岛以及小亚西海岸等地定居，这一事件被称为多利安人入侵。多利安人讲多利克希腊语，这是合唱抒情诗的传统方言，它在古典希腊时期是西部希腊语组群的主要语言。

A widely believed theory is that the Dorians originated in the mountains of northern Greece, probably around Macedonia or Epirus, and for some reason, they moved south into the Peloponnese and settled in Crete, Rhodes Sicily, and the western coast of Asia Minor, an event known as the Dorian invasion. The Dorians spoke Doric Greek, the traditional dialect of choral lyric poetry, which was the main language of the Western Greek group in the Classical Greek period.

关于多利安人我们前面提到了他们的武化传统，他们最典型的城邦就是斯巴达。整个斯巴达社会是围绕提高其军事能力而运行的。

Regarding the Dorians, we mentioned earlier their martial tradition, and their most typical city-state is Sparta. The entire Spartan society was run around improving its military proficiency.

所有的斯巴达人都是优秀的战士。据说在孩子出生时他们会对其进行检查并将那些不合格的孩子遗弃。男性会在七岁时离开家庭进行集体生活并接受军事训练直至20岁成为正式军人，他们需要为城邦服役至60岁。其他希腊城邦的军队都是征召的公民士兵，他们打完仗是要回家种地的。而斯巴达却拥有一支常备军。

All Spartans are excellent warriors. They are said to examine the children at birth and abandon those who are unfit. Men would leave their families at the age of seven to live in groups and undergo military training until they became full soldiers at the age of 20, and they were required to serve the city-state until the age of 60. The armies of the other Greek city-states were conscripted citizen-soldiers who needed to return home to farm after the battle was over. Sparta, on the other hand, had a standing army.

斯巴达的女性不事家务，而是进行体能训练。她们的职责是为城邦贡献强壮的后代。斯巴达人相信只有强壮的母亲才能为城邦贡献更多优秀的战士。也因此多利安妇女比其他希腊妇女拥有更大的自由和经济权力。

The women of Sparta did not do domestic work but trained physically. Their duty was to contribute strong offspring to the city-state. The Spartans believed that only strong mothers could contribute more good warriors to the city-state. This is also why Dorian women had more freedom and economic power than other Greek women.

斯巴达人不从事生产，生产活动由奴隶进行。城邦拥有大量的奴隶，他们大多是在与斯巴达的战争当中被征服的人口，最典型的就是希洛人。

The Spartans did not engage in production, which was carried out by slaves. The city-state had a large number of slaves, mostly from the population conquered in the wars with Sparta, most typically the Helots.

斯巴达就是一个兵营。

Sparta was a barracks.

多利安人的文化遗产我们需要了解的有三个。首先在音乐方面他们有多利安调式，音乐家会将这种调式和军事品质联系起来。电子游戏《光环》和《愤怒的小鸟》的主题曲就有这种调式。其次在建筑方面他们有古希腊三种基本柱式之一的多利克柱式，这种柱式以其简单的外形和力量感而闻名。古罗马建筑师维特鲁威将多利克柱式和男性联系起来，认为其具有男性气质。最后是一个形容词，“斯巴达式的”，意为简朴的，清苦的。

There are three things we need to know about the cultural heritage of the Dorians. First, in music, they have the Dorian mode, which musicians associate with martial qualities. The themes of the video games Halo and Angry Birds have this mode. Secondly, in architecture, they had the Doric order, one of the three basic orders of ancient Greece, which was known for its simple form and sense of strength. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius associated the Doric order with masculinity. The last is an adjective, "Spartan" meaning simple, frugal.

爱奥尼亚人是和多利安人相对的一个族群。多利安人是尚武的民族，爱奥尼亚人就是尚文的民族。与简朴，严肃的多利安人不同，爱奥尼亚人以热爱哲学、艺术、民主和享乐而闻名，这些爱奥尼亚人的特质在雅典人身上表现得最为鲜明。爱奥尼克柱式相比于多利克柱式要更加细长，维特鲁威将爱奥尼克柱式和女性联系起来，认为其具有女性气质。

Ionians are the opposite of the Dorians. While the Dorians are a martial people, the Ionians are a civilized people. Unlike the simple, serious Dorians, the Ionians were renowned for their love of philosophy, art, democracy, and pleasure, the Ionian traits most famously expressed by the Athenians. The Ionic order is more slender than the Doric order, and Vitruvius associates the Ionic order with feminine proportions.

据说当多利安人入侵伯罗奔尼撒半岛时，许多爱奥尼亚人迁徙到了小亚西海岸形成了爱奥尼亚地区。鉴于雅典和斯巴达的种种差异，修昔底德认为伯罗奔尼撒战争的一部分是爱奥尼亚人和多利安人的战争。

It is said that when the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese, many Ionians migrated to the western coast of Asia Minor to form the Ionian region. Given all the differences between Athens and Sparta, Thucydides believed that part of the Peloponnesian War was a war between the Ionians and the Dorians.

爱奥尼亚人使用爱奥尼克希腊语（或爱奥尼亚方言），它在古典希腊时期属于东部希腊语组群，早期的爱奥尼亚学派的著作以及众多散文和诗歌都使用爱奥尼克希腊语。它主要在爱琴海沿岸地区使用，包括小亚西海岸的爱奥尼亚地区，优卑亚岛和基克拉泽斯群岛等地区。根据两种方言的分布特征，我会把多利克希腊语记忆为“山区方言”或“内陆方言”，把爱奥尼克希腊语记忆为“岛屿方言”或“海洋方言”。有两个重要的方言和爱奥尼克希腊语有关，一个是荷马希腊语，一个是阿提卡希腊语。

The Ionians used the Ionic Greek (or Ionian dialect), which belonged to the Eastern Greek grouping during the Classical Greek period, and was used in the writings of the early Ionian school as well as in numerous prose and poems. It is mainly used in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea, including the Ionian region on the west coast of Asia Minor, the island of Euboea and the Cyclades, and other areas. Based on the distribution characteristics of the two dialects, I would remember Doric Greek as a "mountain dialect" or "inland dialect" and Ionic Greek as an "island dialect" or "sea dialect". There are two important dialects related to Ionic Greek, one is Homeric Greek and the other is Attic Greek.

荷马希腊语是写作《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的语言，它以爱奥尼克希腊语为主。这种文学语言的韵律感很强，其节奏形式被称为“长短短六步格”（或称“强弱弱六步格”）。这种语言后来被很多的诗人所使用，故也被称作史诗希腊语。

Homeric Greek, the language used in the Iliad and the Odyssey, is consisting mainly of Ionic Greek. This literary language has a strong sense of rhythm, and its rhythmic form is known as a Dactylic hexameter. This language was later used by many poets and is therefore also known as Epic Greek.

阿提卡希腊语是包括雅典在内的阿提卡地区使用的方言。在古典希腊时期阿提卡希腊语和爱奥尼克希腊语同属于东部希腊语组群，而且它一般被归类为爱奥尼克希腊语的一支或者是它的姐妹方言。这种方言是众多的雅典作家，剧作家和历史学家所使用的语言，例如柏拉图，亚里士多德，色诺芬，修昔底德，埃斯库罗斯，索福克勒斯等。后来的通用希腊语正是以阿提卡希腊语为基础的，它是和希腊语最接近的古希腊方言。

Attic Greek is the dialect spoken in the Attica region, including Athens. In Classical Greece, Attic Greek belonged to the same Eastern Greek group as Ionic Greek, and it was generally classified as a branch of Ionic Greek or as its sister dialect. This dialect was the language used by numerous Athenian writers, dramatists, and historians, such as Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, etc. The later Koine Greek is based on Attic Greek. It is the ancient Greek dialect most similar to Greek.