今天查硕螯戾蝎（Tityus magnimanus）资料时学习到了Kovařík大佬这篇关于证明T. ythieri和T. magnimanus是同一种东西的文章，其中对DNA的分析略去（不懂且暂无必要）。提取了其中三个部分进行学习：

（1）实验材料的饲养——借鉴饲养方法；

（2）不同时期的照片——收集当作图鉴；

（3）完整的生命周期。

标题：Tityus ythieri Lourenço, 2007 is a synonym of Tityus magnimanus Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae): a combined approach using morphology, hybridization experiments, chromosomes, and mitochondrial DNA

Tityus ythieri (Lourenço, 2007)是Tityus magnimanus (Pocock, 1897)（蝎目：杀牛蝎科)的同义名：基于结合形态学、杂交实验、染色体和线粒体DNA的方法。

1. 饲养环境

Breeding conditions

Specimens were kept together in sibling groups at temperatures ranging from 22 to 30°C, on a substrate of moistened lignocel and pieces of bark added for hiding. Food consisted exclusively of crickets Acheta domestica of suitable size. As soon as a specimen underwent an ecdysis, it was transferred into another similarly furnished enclosure. In this way each of the sibling groups was split into two to three enclosures with a different frequency/volume of feeding (as an ecdysis approaches, the intake of food declines). Individuals were marked with acetone-based paints that beekeepers use to mark queens. We used four colors on different body parts, most often on the legs. In each group we marked only those juveniles that were the first and last to undergo an ecdysis, whereas in mature specimens we marked every individual of which life parameters (longevity, number, and periodicity of clutches) were followed.

样本按照同窝群养，温度在22到30℃的温度范围内变化，用湿润的木质纤维（注：从论文图片看应为椰土）作为基质，上面放几片树皮用作躲避。食物只包括大小合适的蟋蟀Acheta domestica（注：就是常见的“白蟋蟀”）。一旦样本蜕皮，它就被转移到另一个布设环境类似的容器中。通过这种方式，每窝被分成2~3个不同频率/摄食量的围栏（因为临近蜕皮，食物摄入量会下降）。每只个体用丙酮颜料做标记——养蜂人用它来标记蜂王。我们在身体的不同部位使用了四种颜色，最常用的是腿部。在每一组中，我们只标记了第一个和最后一个蜕皮的蝎苗，而在成体样本中，我们标记了每一只的生命参数（寿命、数量和繁殖周期）。

总结：可见即使是混养也要尽量保证同窝的原则。巧的是在几个小时前某群爬友就分享他混养的4只林神异距蝎在放入一只新的后，4只分食之的残骸，所以蝎子的社会性值得引起重视。即便如此，根据个人经验，硕螯戾蝎在2L刚下背后互吃基本没有，但3L后互吃极其严重（与常见的金幽灵相比）并且是在食物比较充足的情况下，几乎均为刚蜕皮或是过程中被吃，因此如果考虑损耗，单养为妙。同时注意到试验中的食物来源单一，仅为蟋蟀，不知对后期的周期观测会不会存在营养不均衡导致的滞后影响。个人饲养时蟋蟀为主，掺混樱桃蟑螂幼体。

2.1 形态学（图集）

Figures 1–10: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 1–2. Dorsal and ventral views, ♂ (65 mm). 3–4. Dorsal and ventral views, ♀ (65 mm). 5–6, 10. Dorsal and ventral views, and metasoma ventral, ♀ (65 mm) immediately after last (maturation) ecdysis. 7. Juvenile after second ecdysis. 8. Juvenile after third ecdysis. 9. Juvenile immediately before fourth ecdysis

图1-10：硕螯戾蝎（委内瑞拉，Falcón省）（注：这里原文没有给FKCP缩写意思，从该大佬其他文章来看可能是František Kovařík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic——来自捷克的作者的藏品）图1-2：背面和腹部（6.5mm公）；图3-4：背面和腹部（6.5mm母）；图5-6、10：新成体刚蜕的背面和腹部、后体腹侧面（6.5mm母）；图7：3龄幼体；图8：4龄幼体；图9：5龄幼体。

Figures 11–13: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 11. Juvenile in last phase of fourth ecdysis. 12. Immature female after fourth ecdysis. 13. Adult male after fourth ecdysis.

图11-13：图11：4龄幼体的最后阶段（进5龄）；图12：5龄压成母；图13：5龄成公

Figures 14–16: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 14. Adult female after fifth ecdysis. 15. Female at delivery. 16. Female with juveniles and eggs.

图14-16：图14：6龄成体母；图15：分娩时的雌性；图16：雌性和蝎苗和“水蛋”

Figures 17–19: Tityus magnimanus. 17. Male and female with juveniles. Direct descendants of the female holotype and male paratype of Tityus ythieri Lourenco, 2007. 18–19. Female from Venezuela, Falcón Province. 18. Female with juveniles before first ecdysis. 19. Female with juvs after and in first ecdysis.

图17-19：图17：公和负仔的母。T. ythieri（注：也就是硕螯戾蝎）的直系母正模公副模（Lourenco, 2007）；图18-19：委内瑞拉采集的雌性：图18：母背着1龄苗；图19：母背着2龄苗和1龄苗。

2.2 形态学（描述）

DIAGNOSIS. Adults 45–72 mm long. Females mature after fifth ecdysis; males mature after fourth or fifth ecdysis, which determines their final size. Base color reddish yellow to dark reddish (depending on age), young spotted. Pectinal teeth number 17–23. Subaculear tooth short and strongly spinoid. Basal middle lamella of female pectines dilated. Fixed and movable fingers of pedipalps with 14/16 rows of granules that include external and internal granules. Movable finger with minute basal tubercle in both sexes. Ventral carinae of third and fourth metasomal segments in Y-shaped configuration. Manus of pedipalp narrower in female than in male. Metasoma slightly longer in male than in female.

鉴别

成体长45-72mm。雌性在第五次蜕皮后成熟；雄性在第四或第五次蜕皮后成熟（注：从2.3表格可见也有公进6龄才成体的现象出现），这决定了它们最终的大小。基色：由发红的黄色到深红色（取决于年龄），幼体有斑点。栉齿数17-23。副刺瘤较短，呈明显棘状。雌性栉状器的第一中间薄板膨大（注：也就是雌性有“大齿”，但那并不是栉齿）。定指和动指分别有14和16排颗粒，包括外颗粒和内颗粒。公母动指根部都有微小的瘤。后体第III和第IV腹板呈Y形结构。雌肢的须肢比雄肢窄。男性的后体比女性稍长。

2.3 生命周期

原文给出了一张表格：

Table 1: Data on development of captive specimens as well as information on subsequent births and longevity of several individuals of T. magnimanus and T. ythieri.

表1：硕螯戾蝎饲养样本的成长数据及部分后代的出生和寿命数据

由于二者已是同一物种，所以对物种列不加区分（所谓“杂交”也视作同一物种），以1、2、3、4表示。翻译、汇总后得：

翻译及总结有误之处请多指正，祝饲养顺利。