The Social Contract - 10

---Chapter vi ：The Social Pact---

The totality of forces can be formed only by the collaboration协作

of a number of persons; but each man's strength and

freedom being the main instruments of his preservation, how

can he commit them to others without harming himself, and

without neglecting the duty of care to himself? 

---Chapter vii : The Sovereign---

As soon as the multitude is united thus in one body, it is

impossible to injure one of its members without attacking the

body, and still less to injure the body without its members

being affected. 

---Chapter viii : The Civil State---

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What man loses by the social contract is

his natural freedom and an unlimited right to anything by

which he is tempted and can obtain; what he gains is civil

freedom and the right of property over everything that he

possesses.

we must clearly distinguish natural freedom, which is limited

only by the strength of the individual, from civil freedom,

which is limited by the general will;

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and possession, which is merely the effect of force 

or the right of the first occupant, from property, which 

can be founded only on positive entitlement有权得到的东西.

To the acquisition of moral status could be added, on the

basis of what has just been said, the acquisition of moral 

liberty,this being the only thing that makes man truly the 

master of himself; 

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for to be driven by our appetites alone is slavery, while

to obey a law that we have imposed on ourselves is freedom.

---Chapter ix ：Property---

Today's monarchs more cleverly call themselves kings of

France, of Spain, of England, etc.; they well know that by

keeping hold of their territories they will keep their 

hold on the inhabitants.

In whatever manner the acquisition of ownership is carried out, 

the right that each individual has over his property is always 

subordinate to the right that the community has over everyone; 

otherwise,the social bond would be lacking in firmness and the 

exercise of sovereignty would lack true power.

Instead of destroying natural equality, the fundamental contract 

substitutes moral and legal equality for whatever degree of physical

inequality nature has put among men; they may be unequal in

strength or intelligence, but all become equal through agreed

convention and by right.

====Book 2 =====

---Chapter i : That Sovereignty君权 Cannot Be Transferred---

The social bond is formed by what these interests

have in common; if there were no point at which 

every interest met, no society could exist.

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And it is solely on the basis of this

common interest that society must be governed.

I therefore assert that sovereignty君权, being only the exercise of

the general will, can never be transferred转让, and that the

sovereign君王, which cannot be other than a collective entity,

cannot be represented except by itself; power can be 

delegated★代表, but the will cannot.