英专学硕-外语语言学-考研笔记-1-1-2


开始之前,先聊一会儿。
就第一章「language and linguistics」而言吧,我先过核心重点的内容。
其实,我有点崩溃的——练习册有两本[戴炜栋-简明语言学-圣才考研网]、[星火-语言学],
a) 第一章就没有涉及到「Language change」,但练习题里出现了这个陌生的考点,这个应该是第七章的知识点。
b) 再比如[distinctive feature],这是第二章的内容,很容易混淆成[design feature],记得区分一下。
c) 早年一些学校的题放飞自我,还有概念冲突的错题,我到时候会说。当然 可能我水平不够,感谢给我指正!!
d) The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and itself makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expression.
这句话,[戴]提到了,但[胡]没有。这还是易错点,容易与「Productivity」混淆。
e) 还有,就[胡]这本书,开篇提到了「Multimodal」, and five modes of meaning-making: linguistic、visual、gestural、spatial and audio, working together to create texts.
不知道重要不重要,不知道考不考,感觉挺重要的。
f) 术语定义的模糊感——尤其是“任意性”,任意性是【有或没有】的区别吗?还是都有,只是【或多或少】的问题?
g) 再比如“交通信号灯是不是语言?”,就考研而言,无解!
“因为没有二重性,所以不属于语言”vs“属于人类语言系统,但没有二重性”,有说是又说不是。
其实应该是问“交通信号灯属不属于人类语言系统?”,肯定属于!但,交通信号灯没有Duality!
Just be optimistic,其实,对我来说吧,我先过核心重要的内容,然后,大家在暑假往后再考虑目标院校的真题,然后根据真题做一些补充,咱们就这样达成交易吧!!!
「语言学综合」的难度,我通过第一章看全局来说,应该是中考生物或中考化学的难度。它不像高中语文,做对做错都没底气。它也不像高中理科,不会是真不会,想提成绩想到掉眼泪都提不上去。
「语言学综合」,其实,至少【术语】【选填】【判断】,包括【简答题】和【论述题】,你答的点都是书上的原话。我应该换个表述更好一些,简单基础认知层面的题占比80%。或者理解为,努力上进,算上容错率,120分,应该是完全可以的。
我希望大家定个目标,135-140分这个区间。 不自信的憨憨小兔子:“这么高吗?压力太大啦,我考不了”,我目前认识就是,这个专业课是最好拿分的,没有之一!!!而另一门专业课是[基础英语]或[综合英语],就通过专四成绩,大家掂量掂量就知道了,那能考120+/150都是神仙。
「语言学综合」,这个专业课要稳拿分,其他科才敢有底气。
自信点,加油!

[part 1],
language——the definition of language
1-1-1,记得要背,还再默写,第一次我先说了术语题,以及说了语言起源的理论。
我们还需要具体展开去说,
两个方向,一个方向是[论述大题]-侧重于论述题的规范术语,一个方向是[选填判断]-侧重于拓展广度。
这一次,就先侧重于拓展的广度,1-1-2,让我们继续吧。
我就用汉语说,这一次,能理解就行,不需要背诵,
[头脑风暴]——什么是语言?没有定量的定义。但,可以定性判断什么属于人类语言系统,以及判断什么不是语言。
定性分析,像音频、图片、文字属于语言,视觉的、动作的属于语言,与人类活动有关,与实践相关的属于语言。
我问大家,“信号灯是语言吗?”其实这个问法就很奇葩,应该是说“Does traffic lights belong to language system?”
信号灯是约定俗成的吧,是人类特有的吧,是一种符号,也是任意的,是信号灯一定属于人类语言系统,毋庸置疑!
【判断题】
[胡-第五版-P2]——
1) Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction.
2) Language operates(遵循) by rules.
3) All language have three major components: sound system(语音系统), lexicogrammar system(词汇语法系统) and semantics system(语义系统).
4) Everyone speaks a dialect(方言).
5) Language slowly changes.
6) Speakers of all language employ a range of styles(多种风格) and a set of jargons(行话, 如“老莫,我想吃鱼了”(开个玩笑啦,没有恶意),或者理解Jargons为流行语).
7) Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
8) Writing is derivative(衍生于) of speech.
[胡-第五版-P3]——
9) 易错——language is a means of verbal communication(语言是言语交际的一种方式).
10) It is instrumental(工具性) in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act(有目的的行为).
11) 易错点——It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic(社会符号) and communication can only take place effectively of all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues(非语言的提示,如默契程度、性格三观、心智等), motivation, and sociocultural roles.
即,只有使用者之间对客体都有相同的理解后才能有效沟通。
12) Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psycho-social, and environmental factors.
13) In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.(因为Sophistication复杂性,所以人的交流不同于其它任何动物)
[胡-第五版-P1]——误区即错!
14) Language is only a means of communication. 错因——only
15) Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 错因——任意性
16) The function of language is to exchange information. 错因——问作者,他应该觉得be to do=就是为了交换信息,就没有其他功能了。
17) English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. 错因——文化没有难易之分,攀比无意义!
18) Black English is not standard and should be reformed. 错因——Everyone speaks a dialect,尊重文化差异性。

然后,
语言的定义包含了五个要素,Human-specific、Vocal、Arbitrary、Symbolic、Systematic。
Human-specific,就是说,语言区别于其它任何动物,鸟儿的歌唱、蜜蜂的舞蹈、动物的叫声,哪怕是鹦鹉模仿人说话,都不能是语言!!!只能说动物[传递信息]或[交流],即——animals have their own ways to communicate with each other, or to convey information。
[头脑风暴]——我想回顾下「高中生物」,对接一下,提高下理解深度,
像孔雀开屏呀、采蜜传播花粉呀、植物释放干扰素呀、狗撒尿标记地盘,都是信息交流,或者说是传递信息,但not belong to language system!
信息的三大作用1.保障生物个体生命活动的正常进行。2.种群的繁衍。3.调节种间关系,以维持生态系统的稳定。
[头脑风暴]——人跟人之间的社会性,如,交通灯,属于语言系统。而动物之间再怎么都不是语言,只能是交流信息。
那,我对着可爱的小兔子,“咩咩咩~喵喵喵~”,哈哈,和小兔子交流,安抚小兔子,属于语言吗?或者马戏团,通过手势指挥狮子跳铁圈,那种手势属于语言吗?反正,比如,手语、盲体文属于语言,交警指挥的手势属于语言。而人给动物指示属于语言吗?
其实,是不是呢?就考研而言,无解!我就是想说一个主旨——【认真你就输了!】
当然,[头脑风暴]我不想涉及太多与考研无关的,你只要会定性判断「language system」,以及「Human-specific」,就行。

Vocal,它是说,The primary medium is sound for all languages. Writing system came much later than spoken form[星火]. So, writing is derivative of speech[胡].
“PRIMARY最初的、主要的”,这个词用的好——语言的最常见的是vocal,最初的也是vocal。

语言的定义是「任意的」,而「任意性」又是语言的其中一个识别特征!这个,我一起说!
Arbitrariness, was discussed by Saussure, refers to that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds[戴], and the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship[胡].
For example, we cannot explain why a book is called a /bʊk/ and a pen a /pen/ [胡].
A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.[戴]
But, it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds are motivated by sounds in a certain degree(在一定程度上来说,一些words是通过模仿声音而被创造的,不完全具有任意性,而是).[戴]
As a matter of fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic(拟声词现象) effect may work at the same time.[戴]
易错点——The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimitid(不受限的) source of expressions.[戴]
Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.[胡]
[辨正概念]——「任意性」,让语言有潜在的创造力。
但肯定会想到,“为什么不是Creativity/Productivity让语言有创造力?”,
认真你就输了,我也懒得死磕,我就把书上的话搬下来,
我称之为「Design Features&MORE」
1) By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness(递归性).[胡]
2) Stratification(分层) of Duality——this organization of levels on levels——is the physical manifestation(具体体现) of the“infinite use of finite means,”the trait(特性) that most distinguishes human communication and that provides itself tremendous resourceful.[胡]
3) We can perceive the advantage of DUALITY, which lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with(被赋予的). A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements(大量的单位由很少数量的成分构成)——for instance, a considerable number of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48(48个音素) in the case of(就…而言) the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be endless number of sentences, which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.[胡]
4) Language is creative, that is, its potential to create endless sentences. The Recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.[胡]
任意性体现在两个方面——
1.Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme(语素) and itself meaning(音义)
2.Aritrary at the syntactic level(句法层面).[胡]
语素音义关系的任意性,顾名思义,不多说。
然后是,language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. But, in other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned.[胡]——不愧是语言学大师,说话很有艺术,At the Syntactic Level,可以说语言不是任意的,也可以说任意性小——咱能做到按需所求就行。
比如,He came in and sat down.
He sat down and came in.
He sat down after he came in.
你任意改变,它的含义就变,甚至不能用于交流。
Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?(08-西安交大)
A. tree
B. crash
C. typewriter
D. bang(onomatopoeia拟声词)
一般来说,出现的时间越早,任意性越大!表达越简单,任意性越大!关联越少,任意性越大!这些大家应该能推出来的。选A。

语言是符号的,“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”——Shakespeare.
Word are associated with objects, action and ideas by convention.[星火]

语言是系统的,language is rule-governed; elements in it are arranged according to certain rules and can’t be combined at will(任意地). e.g.“bkli”,“I apple eat”, are incorrect.
记得背诵和默写上一章节的内容,慢慢说吧,我还在寻找到舒适的更新状态,下个笔记我们再坚持吧!!!
拜拜~