【帝国时代一】赫梯文明在官方说明文件中的描述
注：英语原文取自最古老版本的帝国时代一的帮助文件中，关于历史的文本量相当巨大，但在win7系统更新后，以win95为基础的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已经很难找到打开hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。
注：因为原hlp文件并未随着罗马复兴资料片的更新而更新，所以这个系列不包含新增的罗马、迦太基、马其顿和巴尔米拉文明。
注：因为年代久远（1996年左右），很多记述可能已经与最新的考古发现有着显著的差异。
注：蹩脚英语，翻译腔，懒得润色的语句。
注：英语原文放在前面，汉语翻译放在后面。
更多资料：世界地理历史小常识39——土耳其（CV5267085）
Hittite culture (2000 to 1200 BC)
The extent of the Hittite civilization and empire was rediscovered only within the last hundred years. The Hittites had been mentioned several times in the Old Testament, but were considered only bit players. Excavations of sites in Turkey and Syria, plus the decipherment of inscriptions and recovered clay tablets, revealed that the Hittites were a world power at one time, rivals of the Egyptians and conquerors of Babylon.
Location
The Hittite empire was centered in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). At its maximum, it extended from the Aegean coast of Anatolia, east to the Euphrates River, southeastward into Syria as far as Damascus, and south along the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Levant. Hittite King Mursuli sacked Babylon around 1600 BC, but did not attempt to hold the region.Historians do not know where the Hittites originated or how they got to Asia Minor. Studies of their language indicate that they were probably of European origin and migrated south through the Balkans or past the eastern end of the Black Sea sometime around 2000 BC.
Capital
The greatest Hittite capital was at Hattusas, outside the modern Turkish town of Bogazk'y in north central Turkey, inland from the Black Sea. This city had previously been the capital of the Hatti, a local kingdom that was conquered by the Hittites around 1900 BC. The name Hittite derives from the name of the Hatti. The capital was moved to Hattusas around 1500 BC and the city was noted for its massive walls and placement in rugged terrain.
Rise to power
Around 2000 BC when the Hittites entered Asia Minor, the region was populated by small yet sophisticated, kingdoms each no larger than a thousand people. The Hittites began expanding their kingdom around 1900 BC, using both force and diplomacy to bring rival city-states and kingdoms in Asia Minor under control. The Hittite kingdom went through several periods of expansion and contraction until around 1400 BC.Beginning then, several strong kings in succession expanded the Hittite empire across all of Asia Minor, into Syria, and beyond the Euphrates River. The push into Syria brought the Hittites into conflict with the Egyptians who also sought to dominate this area.For several generations the Hittites and Egyptians remained diplomatic and military rivals. The great battle of Kadesh was fought between these superpowers around 1300 BC and was commemorated in Egypt by a great pictorial relief, an epic poem, and an official written record. After several decades of uneasy stalemate, the two powers signed a peace treaty and mutual defense pact, perhaps in response to growing Assyrian power to the east. A copy of the treaty was inscribed on the walls of an Egyptian temple at Karnak where it can be read today. Duplicate copies of this treaty on clay and silver tablets were also found by archaeologists in both countries.
Economy
The Hittite imperial boundaries encompassed a diverse geography, including expansive grassy plains, mountains, sea coast, river valleys, and desert. Their economy was based mainly on grain and sheep raising, but they also possessed large deposits of silver, copper, and lead ore. They were adept metalworkers and among the earliest makers of iron, although during their time iron was more valuable than gold and not available in any quantity.They were an important provider of copper and bronze to Mesopotamia. When they attempted to control the trade to and from that area by extending their influence into Syria, the Levant, and upper Euphrates River region, they came into conflict with the Egyptians.
Religion and culture
The Great Temple at Hattusas, below the hill on which the palace stood, was the religious center of the empire. The Hittite king was also the high priest of the kingdom and split his time between government, religious duties, and conquest. The king's dual role was useful in unifying the culture of the kingdom among its diverse peoples. Each year the king/high priest traveled extensively to preside at festivals. These personal appearances brought in rich donations and helped stabilize the realm.Hittite religion was polytheistic. It was tolerant of other beliefs and flexible about incorporating new gods already worshipped by newly conquered peoples. Their supreme deity, Teshub, the Storm God, was borrowed.Hittite culture discovered so far pales in comparison to that of their contemporaries in Bablyon and Egypt. We have only a few bronze and stone statuettes, seal impressions, and rock carvings to judge their artistic ability. One enduring symbol from their artwork is the double-headed eagle that was adopted as a national symbol by both Austria and Russia.They used cuneiform for writing as well as their own hieroglyphics. They patterned their laws on those of Babylon, though they tempered their severity.
Government
Some researchers believe that the early Hittite government was the first constitutional monarchy. The pankus, probably an assembly of noblemen, monitored the king's activities in relation to their laws and probably had the power to remove and install kings as needed. Because they had no law of succession until circa 1500 BC, the death of a king prior to then often triggered a struggle for power. The authority of the pankus waned as the empire began to grow and after a law of succession was adopted.During the empire years, the Hittite ruler was called the Great King. Each year the rulers of vassal states brought gifts to Hattusas and pledged their loyalty. In return for military protection and favorable trading status, vassal states contributed money and troops to the empire.
Diplomacy
Extensive records and correspondence preserved on clay tablets have revealed much detail about Hittite diplomacy and politics. Decipherment of specific tablets connected the Hittites with two of the most famous events in antiquity ——The sacking of the legendary city of Troy from the Iliad and the death of the Egyptian boy Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Diplomatic letters to a city on the east coast of Asia Minor helped establish the site of the city of Troy.In 1353 BC the greatest Hittite king, Suppiluliuma I, was besieging the city of Carchemish that controlled an important ford and trade route over the Euphrates River. During the siege he received a letter from Ankhesenamun, the newly widowed wife of Tutankhamen. The queen of Egypt asked that Suppiluliuma send one of his sons to be her new husband and king of Egypt. The stage was set for a very important alliance by marriage. Suppiluliuma took too long to investigate and negotiate, however. An Egyptian courtier-priest seized the widow and the throne, and peace between the two great powers was not arranged until 70 years later.
Military
Hittite foot troops made extensive use of the powerful recurved bow and bronze-tipped arrows. Surviving artwork depicts Hittite soldiers as stocky and bearded, wearing distinctive shoes with curled-up toes. For close combat they used bronze daggers, lances, spears, sickle-shaped swords, and battle-axes shaped like human hands. Soldiers carried bronze rectangular shields and wore bronze conical helmets with ear flaps and a long extension down the back that protected the neck. They were apparently very competent at conducting sieges and assaulting cities that resisted.They were possibly the first to adopt the horse for pulling light two-wheeled chariots and made these vehicles a mainstay of their field armies. Egyptian engravings of the Battle of Kadesh show three men in the Hittite chariots using spears, but other evidence suggests that they carried only a driver and archer. Perhaps the chariot archer replaced the chariot javelin thrower. Hittite chariot armies were feared by most of their contemporaries.
Decline and fall
Following the establishment of peace with Egypt around 1280 BC, there ensued 80 years of relative peace and prosperity for much of the civilized world. During the great catastrophe circa 1200 BC, however, the Hittite empire was suddenly destroyed. The fortifications at Hattusas were thrown down and the city burned. Stone sculptures were smashed apart. It is not known by whom, but it is possible that the Hittite armies fell off in ability during decades of relative peace while the growing riches of the empire made it an ever more attractive target, probably to barbarians from the west and north. The Kaskans, barbarians from the Russian steppes, penetrated the empire around 1300 BC and plundered Hattusas. They may have returned to finish the job for good.
Legacy
The legacy of the Hittites is limited because they were lost as a culture until rediscovered only recently. They are remembered in the Bible as relatively small but sturdy warriors, but for little else. A small remembrance of the Hittites is their pointed shoes with turned-up toes seen in many carvings and reliefs that survive. This style of shoe is still seen occasionally in Turkey as ceremonial dress.
赫梯文明（公元前2000至1200年）
赫梯帝国及其文明程度是近一百年才被重新认识的，赫梯曾经在旧约中被多次提及，但人们一般认为这只是个小部落。土耳其和叙利亚的土地挖掘以及铭文和重塑的粘土片的解密，才揭示了赫梯人曾经是埃及的对手，巴比伦的征服者。
位置
赫梯帝国以小亚细亚（现代的土耳其）为中心，最大时，从安纳托利亚爱琴海沿岸向东延伸到幼发拉底河，东南向叙利亚延伸至大马士革，南部沿着黎凡特，地中海的东岸延伸。赫梯国王摩苏里在公元前1600年攻克巴比伦，但并没有试图控制这个地区。历史学家不知道赫梯人起源的地方，或者他们如何到达小亚细亚地区。他们的语言研究表明，可能来自于欧洲起源，并且在公元前2000年左右的某个时候从巴尔干半岛向南并且向东来到了黑海的岸边。
首都
最大的赫梯首都是哈图萨斯，位于黑海内陆现在土耳其中北部城市伯加斯季城外。这个城市曾经是哈替的首都，这个小王国在公元前1900年左右被赫梯人征服，赫梯人的名字就来自于此。首都在公元前1500年搬到哈图萨斯，因其巨大的城墙和崎岖的地形而被记住。
发展壮大
约公元前2000年，赫梯进入小亚细亚时，该地区人口众多，只有小而复杂的王国，每个不超过一千人。赫梯人在公元前1900年左右开始扩张王国，利用武力和外交手段，使小亚细亚地区的对手的城邦和王国得到控制。赫梯经过了几个扩张和收缩的阶段，直到公元前1400年左右。当时，几个强大的国王连续将帝国扩展到整个小亚细亚，进入叙利亚，并到达了幼发拉底河。向叙利亚的推进引发了赫梯与埃及的军事冲突，埃及人也试图控制这一地区。几代以来，埃及和赫梯一直是外交和军事对手。公元前1300年发生的卡叠什战役就是在这两个超级大国间进行的，并且在埃及留下了大幅壁画、史诗和官方的书面记录。经过几十年艰难的对峙，也许是为了应对东部亚述力量的增长，两国签署了和平条约和互防条约，条约的副本被刻在卡纳克神庙的墙壁上，现在也可以阅读。这两个国家的考古学家都发现了这个条约的粘土和银片副本。
经济
赫梯帝国国境包含了广泛的草地平原、山脉、海岸、河谷和沙漠等多种地理环境，他们的经济主要依靠粮食和养羊，同时也有大量的银、铜、铅矿。他们是熟练的金属工人，也是最早的制铁者之一，虽然在他们的时代，铁比黄金更有价值，且数量上无法比较。他们是美索不达米亚的铜和青铜的重要提供者，当他们试图通过叙利亚、黎凡特、幼发拉底河上游地区的影响来控制这一领域的贸易时，就与埃及人发生了冲突。
宗教与文化
位于宫殿所在的山丘下方的哈图萨斯大神庙是帝国的宗教中心。赫梯国王也是王国的大祭司，将他的时间分给了政府、宗教义务和征服之间，国王的双重角色有助于统一各国人民的文化。每一年，国王大祭司都大量出席主持节日活动。这些个人的出席带来了丰厚的报酬，并且帮助稳定了这个区域。赫梯的宗教是多神论的，它容忍其他信仰，灵活的让新征服的人民的新神被崇拜，他们的最高神特舒斯就是被借来的。与他们在圣经中和埃及的同时代的人来比，赫梯文化到目前为止，只有几个青铜和石质小雕像、印章刻像和岩石雕刻展现他们的艺术能力。他们的艺术品中，双头鹰成为了后来奥地利和俄罗斯的国家象征，是最持久的一个。他们使用楔形文字作为自己的象形文字，他们也将巴比伦的法律模式化，尽管他们认为巴比伦的法律太严厉。
政府
一些研究人员认为，赫梯早期政府使用了君主立宪制度。潘库斯，可能是贵族的聚会，监督国王的法律活动，并有权根据需要废除和选出国王。因为公元前1500年左右，他们没有继承法。所以在此之前，一个国王的死亡经常引发权力斗争。贵族的权威在帝国开始成长，并通过了继承法后逐渐消失。帝国时期，赫梯的统治者被称为大王。每年各地统治者都将礼物送到哈图萨斯来表现他们的忠诚。作为军事保护和有利的贸易地位回报，边境的城邦向帝国捐钱并提供军队。
外交
在粘土片上保存的广泛的记录和通信已经揭示了关于赫梯的很多外交政治细节，将赫梯与两个最著名的古代事件联系起来而解密——从伊利亚特攻克传奇的特洛伊城到埃及男孩法老图坦卡蒙的死亡。向小亚细亚东海岸的一个城市发出的一枚外交信件帮助发现了特洛伊城的遗址。公元前1353年，最伟大的赫梯国王苏皮鲁流马一世围困了卡切米什城，控制了幼发拉底河的重要牧场和贸易路线。围困期间，他收到了图坦卡蒙留下的妻子安科塞纳姆的一封信，埃及王后要求苏皮鲁流马派他的一个儿子成为她的新丈夫和埃及之王，这是通过婚姻而建立的非常重要的联盟。然而，苏皮鲁流马花了太长时间来调查和谈判。一名埃及的祭司牧师夺取了寡妇和王位，直到70年后，两国之间的和平才得以安排。
军事
赫梯的步兵广泛使用强大的煣制弓和青铜箭头，现存的艺术作品描绘了赫梯士兵，身材矮小，胡子粗大，穿着独特的尖靴子。对于近距离战斗，他们使用匕首、长矛、镰刀剑以及像人手的战斧。士兵们携带青铜长方形盾牌，带着耳环和青铜锥形头盔，后面有一个保护脖子的延伸。他们显然非常有能力进行围困和攻击抵抗的城市。他们可能首先采用了马拉轻型双轮车，并使这些战车成为野战部队的支柱。埃及雕刻的卡叠什战役中表示赫梯战车上有三名男子使用矛，但其他证据表明，他们只携带司机和弓箭手。也许战车射手取代了战车标枪手。赫梯战车也成为了大多数竞争者的困扰。
衰落与灭亡
随着公元前1280年与埃及建立了和平协约，大部分文明世界维持了80年的相对和平与繁荣，但是在公元前1200年的大灾难中，赫梯帝国被突然摧毁。哈图萨斯的防御工事被破坏，城市被烧，石雕也被砸碎，不知道是谁干的。但是赫梯人在几十年的和平中，军队丧失能力也有可能，而帝国日益增长的财富使其成为一个有吸引力的目标。可能是来自西方和北方的野蛮人，来自俄罗斯草原的卡斯克人在公元前1300年左右渗透到赫梯帝国，掠夺了哈图萨斯，他们之后可能回去完成其他的掠夺工作了。
遗产
赫梯人的遗产是有限的，因为他们失去了整个文化，直到前不久才重新被发现。他们在圣经中被记成了小但坚实的战士，还有一点就是赫梯人的尖鞋子，在许多现存的雕刻和物品中存在着尖鞋子。这种风格的鞋子现在在土耳其也作为一种礼服出现。
这是帝国时代一相关文明说明文件翻译的第（6/12）部：
1.埃及：CV13647116
2.希腊：CV13828033
3.巴比伦：CV13907052
4.亚述：CV13984562
5.米诺斯：CV14070144
6.赫梯：本篇
7.腓尼基：
8.苏美尔：
9.波斯：
10.商：
11.朝鲜：
12.大和：
