passage 12 女性参加志愿活动

★★★☆

文章讲解：

①While historian Linda Nicholson sees women’s participation in voluntary associations as activities consistent with the increasing relegation of women’s lives to a separate, “private” sphere in nineteenth-century Europe, historian Katherine Lynch argues that these kinds of activities enabled women to join with one another and to develop a kind of shadow citizenship within civil society, if not the formal state. ② These kinds of experiences were no substitute for actual political entitlements, Lynch suggests, but they deserve more attention for their importance in helping individuals forge enduring bonds of community and identity beyond domestic life. ③Only by limiting one’s notion of public life to formal political participation, she says, can one conclude that most women in Western society have ever been literally consigned to a separate or “private” sphere. 

 

① v1 v.s. v2

② ∈v2

③ ∈v2

①

↓

②

↓

③

1. The phrase “These kinds of experiences” in the passage refers to experiences that in Lynch’s view are 直接细节+态度题

B

A. an early stage in women’s political participation NE

B. insufficiently appreciated for their role in women’s public life 对应②

C. properly assigned to the “private” sphere RE

D. a means of altering the political structure NE

E. historically atypical for women in Western society NE

 

2. The passage implies that Lynch would agree that formal political participation 对应③，间接细节+态度题

A. was increasingly important as the nineteenth century progressed NE

B. was an underreported phenomenon among women in nineteenth century Europe withincivil society NE/RE

C. is crucial to helping individuals form community ties RE

D. is a significant component of public life 

E. is indicative of a kind of shadow citizenship. RE

significant 足够大的或者重要到了值得注意的程度。

Sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention. 

important

Being of great significance. 

Important的重要、重大程度远远大于significant.

英译中时会把程度说高。

中译英时会把程度说低。

e.g. 甲让乙做出significant的让步，如果翻译成重大让步，乙方可能就不愿意。甲方就会认为连值得注意的让步都不愿意谈，就会认为乙方没有诚意，导致谈判破裂。

参考解析：

For 1: C,D,E are wrong answers not inferred from the passage. A is out of scope. B is correct because of the sentence "they deserve more attention for their importance in helping individuals forge enduring bonds of community and identity beyond
domestic life"

For 2: A,E are clear wrong answers. C is too far of a stretch. B is also eliminated because nowhere in the passage really talks that much about political participation. D is correct because of the sentence "[T]hese kinds of experiences were no substitute for actual political entitlements". Watch the phrase "no substitute for", as it argues about the utter importance of formal political participation as a component of public life.

文章信息矩阵：

文章解析类比：琳达认为女性当居委会主任、当楼长、当业主委员会老大没什么意义，因为又不是什么正式政治头衔，但是林琪却认为这些活动在社区生活中还是很有价值的。

Distinguished Professor of Women's Studies and Professor of History

Linda J. Nicholson was Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, and Women's Studies at the State University of New York, Albany. 

In the late 1960s identity politics emerged on the political landscape and challenged prevailing ideas about social justice. These politics brought forth a new attention to social identity, an attention that continues to divide people today. While previous studies have focused on the political movements of this period, they have neglected the conceptual prehistory of this political turn. Linda Nicholson's engaging book situates this critical moment in its historical framework, analyzing the concepts and traditions of racial and gender identity that can be traced back to late eighteenth-century Europe and America. She examines how changing ideas about social identity over the last several centuries both helped and hindered successive social movements, and explores the consequences of this historical legacy for the women's and black movements of the 1960s. This insightful study will be of particular interest to students and scholars of political history, identity politics and US history.

Dr. Lynch is a social historian working in the fields of family history, historical population studies, and the history of charity and welfare institutions in the European past. Her latest book, entitled Individuals, Families and Communities in Europe, 1200-1800: The Urban Foundations of Western Society, provides a new interpretation of European family and society by examining the family at the center of the life of "civil society". Using evidence from European towns and cities, she explores how women and men created voluntary associations outside the family -- communities, broadly defined -- to complement or even substitute for solidarities based on kinship. It also suggests the central place that family issues played in the creation of larger communities, from the "confessional" communities of the Reformation to the national "imagined community" of the French Revolution.

shadow citizenship 影子公民权，目的是扩大公民权利和影响力。

The shadow state concept refers to the transfer of responsibility for providing integrative functions, such as social welfare services that bring people into specific relations of citizenship, from state institutions to local nonprofits in ways that have expanded influence of state regulatory powers in everyday life (Wolch, 1990).

more to know:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016718511001801#:~:text=The%20shadow%20state%20concept%20refers%20to%20the%20transfer,state%20regulatory%20powers%20in%20everyday%20life%20%28Wolch%2C%201990%29.