任务七
1.1
2231011224叶兴宏
Warm-up Qs.1. Do you admire any great political figures or statesmen both at home and abroad? Who are they? And why?
References:
Zhou Enlai was one of the major leaders of the Chinese Communist movement. He was the first premier of the People's Republic of China, a post he held until his death in 1976. He was educated in Japan and Europe and achieved high rank in the Communist movement at an early age. He was well known as a skilled international negotiator.
The Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen had a tremendous impact on the development of modern China. Sun was the catalyst（化剂） in the overthrow of Manchu rule. As prime minister of Britain during World War II, Churchill roused the British to stand against
Nazi Germany. The sight of Churchill, with his cigar and two fingers raised in a "V for victory" salute, inspired Britons to rise to what he called "their finest hour."
Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of the 19th century. He conquered most of Western Europe and Egypt for France, while instituting reforms in these new territories aimed at guaranteeing civil liberties and improving the quality of life. He crowned himself emperor of France in 1804 and introduced reforms intended to unify the revolution-fractured nation. Many of Napoleon's reforms are still in effect today.
2. Of the American presidents, how many do you know? Can you recognize the people in the following pictures and say something about them?
References:
George Washington 华盛顿 (1732-1799): Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, statesman and first President of the United States, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 1732.
Abraham Lincoln 林肯 (1809-1865): the 16th President of the United States, born on February
12, 1809 in a backwoods cabin three miles south of Hodgenville, Kentucky, preserved the Union during the Civil War and brought about the emancipation of the slaves.
Franklin D. Roosevelt 罗斯福 (1882-1945): the 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the great depression and led country during World War II.
Bill Clinton 克林顿 (1946-): the 42nd President of the United States (1993-1996) and the first president born after World War II, elected to a second term in 1996.
1.2 Read & Discuss
Directions: How much do you know about Thomas Jefferson's personality? Now read a short story about him and then discuss it in small groups.
Dirty Farmer?
While serving as America's vice president, Thomas Jefferson, dressed in dirty working clothes, entered Baltimore's finest hotel one evening and asked for a room. [E-C]The owner, a certain Mr. Boyden, turned him away. （turn away: 禁止入内）
Soon thereafter Boyden, informed of the identity of his distinguished visitor, promptly
dispatched several servants to find him and offer as many rooms as his heart desired. [E-C] Jefferson, having found a room in another hotel, sent Boyden's representative away with the following message: "Tell Boyden that I value his good intentions highly, but if he has no room for a dirty farmer, he shall have none for the vice president."
1.3 A Brief Introduction to Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is best remembered as a great President and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He also won lasting fame as a diplomat, a political thinker, and a founder of the Democratic Party.
Jefferson's interests and talents covered an amazing range. He became one of the leading American architects of his time and designed the Virginia Capitol, the University of Virginia, and his own home, Monticello. He greatly appreciated art and music and tried to encourage their advancement in the United States.
Jefferson invented a decoding device, a lap desk, and an improved type of moldboard plow. His collection of more than 6400 books became a major part of the Library of Congress. Jefferson revised Virginia's laws and founded its state university. He developed the decimal system of coinage that allows Americans to keep accounts in dollars and cents.
Jefferson did not consider himself a professional politician. Instead, he regarded himself as a public-spirited citizen and a broadminded, practical thinker. He preferred his family, his books, and his farms to public life. But he spent most of his career in public office and made his greatest contribution to his country in the field of politics.
1.4 Jefferson's Chronology
Date
Event
13 Apr. 1743
Born at Shadwell, Goochland County (now Albemarle Country), Virginia.
1762
Attended the College of William and Mary, where he studied law.
1769
Joined the Virginia colonial legislature (立法机构).
1770
Began to build a mansion home he designed, call Monticello.
1772
Married a well-to-do (rich/well-off) widow, Martha Wayles Skelton. They had six
children. Only two daughters lived to be adults.
1776
Asked by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of
Independence.
1776-1779
Represented the state of Virginia at the Continental Congress.
1779-1781
Chosen as the governor of Virginia.
1782
His wife Martha Died.
1785-1789
Acted as American minister to France.
1789-1793
Served as the nation’s first secretary of state under President George Washington.
1797-1801
Served as vice President under John Adams.
1801-1809
Became the President of the United States.
1819
Founded the University of Virginia.
4 July, 1826
Died on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
1.5 The Declaration of Independence
In April 1775, colonists in Massachusetts took up arms against British troops. The American Revolution had begun. The following year, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia asked Jefferson to write a document declaring America's independence from Britain.
The Continental Congress approved Jefferson's work with few changes. The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776. The bonds that tied the colonies to Britain were broken.
Jefferson wanted the reasons for America's independence stated clearly so the world would understand. He wrote "all men are created equal," with rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Governments are created to secure people's rights. The people could change a government that no longer protected their rights.
1.6 Jefferson and the French Revolution
Jefferson served as minister to France from 1785 to 1789 when revolution was imminent in France. He sympathized with the revolution, feeling it was similar in purpose to the American Revolution. Thanks to his political writings and his legal reforms in Virginia, French reformers regarded Jefferson as a champion of liberty. Marquis de Lafayette, who had fought for America’s Independence, and other advocates of democratic principles often sought his advice.
2.1
things
Part Division of the TextParts
Lines
Main Ideas
1
1 — 3
A brief introduction to Thomas Jefferson.
2
4 — 43
Some given by Thomas Jefferson.
3
44 — 62
His in many fields and his to USA.
2.2 Questions and Answers
1. Why is Thomas Jefferson less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln?
Washington is well-known for his leadership in the American War. Lincoln is
well-known for his role in abolishing in the United States.
2. Why do we associate the name of Thomas Jefferson with the Declaration of Independence?
He was the of the Declaration of Independence.
3. Why was Jefferson chosen to write the Declaration of Independence?
He was a good and tireless whose complete fill more than fifty volumes.
4. What was Jefferson’s attitude towards “people of humble origins”?
In a day when few persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, he went out of his way to talk with , , and ,
looked into their and ate their .
5. Why did he insist upon having a free press?
A free press could tell the .
6. What was the philosophy underlying Jefferson’s determination never to answer his critics?
There were two sides to every question. If one
, those who would of course resent his actions. So he believed in rather than unquestioning .
7. Why does the author say that American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson?
Because Jefferson believed that only a nation of educated .
independence
actor
writer
writer
works
noble
gardeners
servant
waiters
cooking
bread
t ruth
2.3
t ake one side with decision and act on it with effect
t ake the other side
people could remain free
Further Understanding for Parts 2~31. Background Information for Some Key Words
The James River is a river, about 547 km (340 m) long, rising in central Virginia and flowing eastward into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is navigable to Richmond for large craft. It was named after James I, King of England from 1603 to 1625.
A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top.
Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) was a French general and statesman. Born to a wealthy noble family, he was a young man when he sailed to America to help in the American Revolution. He also commanded the National Guard (国民自卫军) and played an important role in the French Revolution.
Philadelphia is the largest city of Pennsylvania. Founded in 1682, Philadelphia is known as the Birthplace of the Nation because of its role in America's struggle for independence from Britain. Both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were drafted in the city and signed in Philadelphia's historic Independence Hall. The name Philadelphia was derived from the Greek words meaning “city of brotherly love." Modern Philadelphia has worked hard to become one of the great commercial, cultural, and educational centers in the United States.
2. Table Completion
Directions: In these two parts, the writer tells us something about Jefferson’s principles and his contributions to USA. Complete the following table with the information from the text.
his attitude to learning
his opinion on judgment
his way of doing things
his attitude to the future and the young
his contributions to USA
1. an expert in
2. a writer
3. a man who made great contribution to
Jefferson died long ago, but many of his ideas are still of great interest…
*** Words and phrases ***
3.1 obtain: vt. get through effort
I obtained this record for you with difficulty.
你可以从当地图书馆得到有关签证和护照的信息。
information about visa and passports
obtained form your lacal library
can be .CF: get, obtain, achieve & acquire 这些动词均有“得到，获得，取得”的意思。
get 是最常用、最口语化的词。可以指以任何方式得到某物（积极主动或消极被动），并不强调通过预先的或主观的努力，与具体名词和抽象名词均可搭配。
obtain 为正式用语，指经过长时间的努力或有计划的行动而得到所希望得到的东西或达到预定的目标。
achieve 表示克服困难之后取得成功或实现预期目标。
acquire 指经过一定努力或一定过程，使原有的东西获得更多，并成为永久所有；也指一点点地慢慢地通过长期不懈的努力而获得诸如知识、才干、良好习惯等。常与抽象名词搭配。
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1.
achieves
She finally her ambition to visit China.2.
get
acquire
First editions of these books are now almost impossible to .
3. It usually takes four years to
a degree at a university.
4. I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've
nothing.
5.
got
They realized that only through struggle could they
their rights.
6.
obtain
acquire
It took him a long time to the skills he needed to become a professional artist.3.2 source: n. place from which sth. comes; place where a river starts
They get their money from various sources.
莱茵河的源头在哪里？Where does the Rhine have its source?
CF: source & origin 这两个名词均有“根源，起因”之意。
source 原指“水源”，转义指事物的“根源，起因或出处”。例如：
水是在源头还是下游受到污染
那口井是所有感染病的源头
The origins of some words are unkonwn
Is the water polluted at source or further downstream? ? That well is the source of all the cases of infection. . origin 指事物始于某时或某处，或由其产生另一事，即“起源，起因，由来”，有时也指“出身，血统”。如：. 有些词的起源不为人所知。
He never forgot his humble beginnings
. 他从未忘记过自己出身卑微。
3.3 personal: adj. done in person; belonging to a person
matter
problem
The manager will make a personal visit to the supermarket.这是个人爱好问题。It’s a matter of personal preference. Collocation:
personal
私事
a personal
个人隐私问题
eamil
a personal 私人信件
personal
亲自拜访
3.4
visiting
appoint: vt. choose (someone) for a position, job, etc.Who will be appointed to the chairmanship when Mr. White leaves? The company has appointed a new sales director.
Pattern: appoint sb. as / appoint sb. (to do) sth. / appoint sb. to (a job, post, position, etc.)
CF: appoint & name 这两个动词均有“任命，委任”之意。
appoint 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。例如：
他被委派到那个空缺的位置
He was appointed to the vacant post.We must appoint somebody to act as secretary. 我们得指定一个人当秘书。
name 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。例如：
He was named captain of the team. 他被任命为队长。
3.5 on the spot: at the place of action
Whenever she's needed, she's quickly on the spot.
The police were called and they were on the spot within three minutes.
3.6 by birth: so far as family origin or nationality is concerned
My parents are both Indian by birth, but they have American citizenship. He is British by birth, although he was born in France.
NB: birth 除了与 by 搭配构成短语 by birth 以外，常见的短语还有： give birth “生孩子；产仔” give birth to “生（孩子）；产生；引起” 3.7 humble: adj.
1) low in position: e.g. Even when she became rich and famous, she never forgot her humble background.
School provides the excellent education for humble kids.
学校为出身贫贱的孩子提供了很好的教育。
2) having a modest opinion of oneself
In my humble opinion，we should never have bought the car in the first place.
3.8 go out of one’s way (to do sth.): take particular trouble or make a special effort (to do sth.)
e.g. Both parties are going out of their way to reach a compromise.
It was good of you to go out of your way to meet us at the station.
3.9 threaten: v. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against
e.g. It’s no use threatening me ─ I’m not going to do it.
他们每次争吵时，他妻子总是威胁说要离开他。
his wi fe always threantens to leave him.
Every time they have an argument,Pattern: threaten sb. with sth. / be threatened to do sth.
3.10 reject: vt. refuse to take, believe, use or consider
We rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.
他向她求婚, 她拒绝了。She rejected his offer of marriage.
CF: reject, refuse & decline 这三个动词均含“拒绝”之意。
reject 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
refuse 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
decline 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1.
refuse
decline
He asked me to give him another loan, but I .
2. The army doctors
several recruits as unfit.
3.
reject
declining
When asked to comment on details of the agreement, she .
4. He's in trouble but he's
all my offers of help.
5.
decline
We his offer of a lift.3.11
The accidentcaused by human error.
error: n. mistake; sth. done wrongly e.g. He found several errors in his manuscript.这次事故是由人为过错造成的。 3.12 false: adj. not true or correctSomeone shouted “fire”, but in fact it was a false alarm and there were no signs of fire. [E-C] She was charged with giving false evidence in court.
Collocation:
accusation
charge
evidence
a false / 诬告
bear / give false
作假证
3.13 hesitate: vi. feel doubtful; be undecided e.g. I'd hesitate before accepting such an offer.
我们不惜为国献身,更不必说吃点苦了。
We are willing to die
for our country, let alone suffer some hardships.3.14 prefer: vt. choose sth. rather than sth. else; like sth. better
He usually prefers classical music to rock. Which do you prefer, black coffee or tea? Pattern:
prefer to sth. / prefer to do sth. / prefer sb. to do sth.
prefer to+ v. rather than + do sth. / prefer + that-clause (should be/be) 3.15 latter: adj. nearer to the end e.g. The latter point was of great importance.两者中后者比前者好得多。Of the two the latter is far better than the former.
Many people agree with the former but I like the l atter.
NB:常与the latter 搭配使用的是the former “前者的（两者中先提到的）” 例如：
很多人都赞成前一种办法, 但我个人喜欢后一种。
后半生
Jack and Bill are twins, but the latter is taller than the former.杰克和比尔是孪生兄弟，不过比尔个子要高点。 Collocation:
下半月
夏末
the latter part of his life the latter half of the month the latter days of summer 3.16 conflict:1. vi. be opposed; clash: e.g. The statements of the two witnesses’ conflict.
are opposed to us
他们对事件的说法与我们的说法截然不同。Their account of events .2. n. disagreement; clash; fight
Some people feel there is a great deal of conflict between religion and science. The two companies come into frequent conflicts as a result of competition.
肢体冲突
与 起冲突
Collocation:
利益冲突
conflict of interest
内部冲突
an inner conflict
an armed conflict in conflict with
3.17 agreement: n. having the same opinion; thinking in the same way
They are basically in agreement on this matter.
agreed
我们同意他们的决定。We are
with their decision.
3.18 act on: act according to The police are acting on information received.
conjecture
他总是凭猜想行事。He always acts on .3.19 resent: vt. feel angry or bitter at
become the center of attention
e.g. I bitterly resent your criticism. 我对你的批评十分反感。我们对他成为令人注目的中心人物感到忿恨。We resent his .
Pattern: resent doing sth. resent sb./sth. doing
3.20 action: n. the process of doing things; sth. Done e.g. Her quick action saved his life.
consistent
一个演员的台词和动作应当一致。An actor’s words and actions should .3.21 custom: n. established socially accepted practice
In my country, it's the custom (for women) to get married in red.
这样做法是某些外国人的习惯。It is the custom with / of certain foreigners to do so.
CF: custom, convention & tradition 这三个名词均含有“习惯，风俗，传统”之意。
custom 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯，也可指个人的习惯。例如：
I t ' s difficult to adapt to the customs of another country
要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是很困难的。It is my custom to rise early. 早起是我的习惯。
convention 多指约定俗成的行为方式, 规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。例如： Convention dictates that a minister should resign in such a situation. 依照常规大臣在这种情况下应该辞职。 tradition 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。例如：
By tradition, people play practical jokes on 1 April. 按照传统风俗, 4 月 1 日是可以开玩笑的。
3.22 leave behind: abandon; fail to take or bring along
e.g. I think I’ll leave my heavy coat behind; I shan’t need it on holiday.
The plane was about to t ake off and I leave my ticket behind.
飞机就要起飞了，我却忘了带票。Pattern: leave…for (去/向)/ leave out of / leave…to… / leave with
3.23 superior: adj. good or better in quality or value The government troops were superior in numbers.
这种布比那种好。This cloth is superior to that.
Collocation:
be superior in 在…方面占优势 be superior to 优于…的；高于…的
NB: superior 的反义词是 inferior， “下等的、劣等的”， 常用的搭配是 “be inferior to”， 如：
These products are inferior to those we bought last year. 这些产品比我们去年买的质量差。
Woman aren' t inferior to man.
女人并不比男人差。3.24 existence: n. the state of existing
Many people question the existence of God.
The original manuscripts of Shakespeare’s plays are no longer in existence. Collocation:
lead / have a certain existence 过某种生活
earn one’s own existence 自谋生计
bring / call into existence 使产生；使成立
come into existence 开始存在；产生；成立
in existence 存在的；现存的；现有的
3.25 influence:
1. vt. have an effect on 影响
She's very good at making friends and influencing people.
Public opinion i s often influenced by the mass media.
公众的观点常常受大众媒介的影响。2. n. power to affect sth. or sb. 影响, 影响力
The two main influences in a child’s development are the family and the school. My teacher's influence made me study science at college.
Collocation:
have a great / good / bad influence upon / on… 对…有很大 / 好 / 坏的影响
have influence over 对…有影响力 under the influence of 在…的影响下
CF: influence, affect & impress 这三个动词均含“影响”之意。
influence 侧重思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
affect 主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。
impress 强调影响既深刻又持久, 所以通常指留下印象
affected
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. The tax increases have
us all.
2. Your mother was clearly not
by our behaviour in the restaurant.
3.
influence
impress
He tried to me with his extensive knowledge of wine.4.
influenced
Don’t let yourself be by what she said.5.
affects
impress
The divorce every aspect of her life.
6. The sights of the city never fail to
foreign tourists.
3.26 constantly: adv. continuously; frequently e.g. She has the television on constantly.
constantly destoried
这地区经常遭到旱灾。The area was by drought.3.27
What about the perform of new car.
perform: v. do, carry out e.g. Computers can perform a variety of tasks.新汽车性能如何?
3.28 above all: most important of all
Never waste anything, but above all never waste time. Children need many things, but above all they need attention.
NB: 与 “above all” 有相似意义的表达方式有：
first / first of all / firstly / for one thing / in the first instance / in the first place
3.29 owe sth. to:
1) believe (something) to be the result of (something): e.g. I owe my success to my education.
He owed his success to luck more than to capacity.
2) feel gratitude/gratefulness (to sb.) in return for a service, favour, etc.
e.g. He owes his life to the doctor at the hospital.
我深深感激师长与父母。I owe my teachers and parents .
*** Structure, paragraphs and sentences ***
3.30 What does this sentence imply? 【L5-6】
He is a person of foresight. Many of his ideas are not .
3.31 Explain the grammatical structure of the sentence. 【L7-8】
1) 主句 Jefferson believed 为一般过去时，而后面从句却用了一般现在时，说明叙述的内容为 。
2) 谓语动词的 believed 引导两个由 that 引导的宾语从句, 在非正式文体中，引导第一个宾语从句的 that 一般可省略，第二个则不能省略，以免引起歧义。
An Example:
The boys learned yesterday that the planets are circling about the sun.
More Examples:
I understand (that) you have studied Chinese, and that you have written Chinese poetry. She denied (that) she had seen the man and that she had been in touch with him.
3.32 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L7-8】
杰斐逊认为，
3.33 What’s the function of “while” in this sentence? 【L11-13】
Here “while” means “whereas”, introducing sth. different.
More Examples:
Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue. You like sports, while I’d rather read.
3.35 Paraphrase the sentence. 【L14-15】
Judging by his family and educational background, Jefferson was a member of the group with top social status.
3.36 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L14-15】
3.37 What’s the implied meaning of the sentence?【L15-17】
The noble persons thought they were superior and looked down upon the people of humble origins and regarded talking with those people as degrading. But sometimes they had to because they had to order those people to do things for them.
3.38 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L15-17】
3.39 What’s the grammatical function of “if you will only do this”?【L19-21】
一般说来，if 引导的条件状语从句中表示将来用一般现在时，而不用将来时，但这里的 will
不是将来时，而表示一种现在的意图、意愿、决心等。
An Example: If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.
3.40 Paraphrase this sentence.【L22-23】
Jefferson didn’t accept other people’s likes or dislikes without careful independent thought.
3.41 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L22-23】
3.42 Analyze the structure of the sentence. 【L27-29】
Were it left to me to decide 等于 If it were left to me to decide.
在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有 should, were 或助动词 had 时，可省略 if，将这些词提到句首，主谓语用部分倒装结构。More Examples:
Should we want to accelerate the motion, we should have to exert some force. Had you told me the matter earlier, I would not have done the foolish thing.
3.43 What does the sentence imply? 【L27-29】
Jefferson was by no means an anarchist (无政府主义者) who wished to abolish all established governments. He was noted for his belief, though, that governments should play the smallest possible role in national life.
3.44 What’s the implied meaning of the sentence? 【L40-43】
The author is an optimist. He believes the young and can always keep up with the times.
3.45 Paraphrase this sentence. 【L40-43】
Jefferson thought that people nowadays should never be limited to out-of-date customs.
3.46 What’s the grammatical function of “chain”? 【L40-43】 Here chain is used figuratively, meaning “bind or restrain.” 3.47 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L40-43】
3.48 Paraphrase the sentence. 【L47-49】
A great deal of pain and suffering has been caused by worrying about bad things which never came to pass, forgetting the fear completely.
3.49 What kind of rhetorical device is used here? 【L47-49】
steer my ship 是隐喻 (metaphor), “驾驶着自己的航船” 未来像航海一样，充满未知性，杰斐逊不但不惧怕，而且对未来充满希望， 表现了其乐观和一往无前的精神。
3.50 What can we infer from the sentence? 【L54-56】
Many of the devices Jefferson invented are still remembered — a machine for copying important papers, an instrument that indicates the weather both indoors and outdoors, a rotating desk, to name only a few.
3.51 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 【L54-56】
4.1 Useful Expressions
1.从书本中获取知识
11.力量的源泉
2.亲自作调查
12.毫不犹豫
3.做现场观察
13.有效地采取行动
4.研究有关某一问题
的文件
14.被无用的习俗束缚住手
脚
5.社会阶层
15.满怀希望地
6.发号施令
16.把恐惧抛在后面
7.出生卑微的人
17.存在
8.烧饭锅
18.不知疲倦的作家
9.判断真理与谬误的
头脑
19.一切人生来平等
10.认真思考的
20.一份丰富的思想遗产
4.2 Spot Dictation (Directions: Listen to the following passage and fill in the missing words.)
From the West Lawn, Thomas Jefferson, family, and guests could walk up the on the West Portico to reach the Parlor, one of three rooms in Monticello that were part of
Jefferson’s
plan for the home in 1769. The Parlor was a public room, for
conversation, music, games, and reading.
Jefferson wrote that music “furnishes a delightful for the hours of respite from the cares of the day, and lasts us through life.” The Parlor was the for many of these hours of “delightful recreation.” Jefferson himself played the , and his wife, daughters, and
granddaughters played several , including the piano, harpsichord (大键琴), and guitar. Jefferson’s namesake grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, recalled that before his grandfather
“lost his
for the violin, he would play on it, having his children dancing around him. ”
4.3 Word Completion (Directions: Supply the missing letters according to the definitions on the right.)
1. P
done in person; belonging to a person
2. O
parentage; birth; beginning
3. D
fail to satisfy; displease
4. H
feel doubtful; be undecided
5. C
unfavorable remarks or judgments
6. R
say; comment
7. T
special natural ability
8. A
the yearly return of a special date
4.4 Text Review (Directions: Find the evidence from the text to fill in the following chart.)
a well-known statesman
of the United States
a writer
1) The Declaration of
2) complete works of volumes
a
philosophical instructions, ideas
an educator
1) reform 2)university founder
3) American education owes a great deal to him
4) father of the University of
an
influential figure
an expert in agriculture
1)
2) soil
an inventor
for daily uses
4.5 Debate (Directions: Prepare and debate by taking the following steps.) Step 1 Form teams
Make teams of four people. Half of the teams will take the side of Group A and the other half Group B.
Step 2 Have a pre-debate discussion
Prepare your arguments and supporting facts of the information discussed. Step 3 Hold the debate
The debate begins between the two teams having contrary views. It will go on until one side fails to respond.
4.6 Writing Practice–Developing a Paragraph from the Topic Sentence
A brief introduction.
More often than not, one sentence in a paragraph tells the reader exactly what the subject of the paragraph is and thus gives the main idea. This main idea sentence is called a topic sentence or topic statement. The topic sentence states briefly an idea whose full meaning and significance are developed by the supporting details. The ways to develop a paragraph can be found in the following chart.
WAY
SAMPLE
Definition
“Honesty is the best polity” is a well-known proverb, but it is not so easy for everyone to keep (Topic
sentence). Honesty means fairness and uprightness in our words and deeds (Supporting sentence 1). It is also regarded as a very important virtue in our social behavior (Supporting sentence 2).
Classification
There are three groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. (Topic sentence)
Great quantities of animals come from whales. To protect the whale…(Supporting sentence 1) Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on ... (Supporting sentence 2) Mineral oil is used to drive tanks, airplanes and warships, motor-cars and…(Supporting sentence 3)
Example
It is often said that differences between people can be caused by the different times when the people were born (Topic sentence).
For example, people who were born between March 21 and April 20 are supposed to be active,
daring, and strong…(Supporting sentence)
Narration
Nearly all American students in colleges and universities pay for their education (Topic sentence). There are many costs. First of all, there is tuition. At some schools, the tuition is very high, ten thousand dollars a year or more.
At other schools, it may only be a few hundred dollars a year. At some community colleges, tuition is free…(Supporting sentence 1) There are other costs as well (Supporting sentence 2). Many students leave their homes to go … Finally, students must buy textbooks for their courses. Going to
college…(Supporting sentence 3)
Comparison and Contrast
Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country (Topic sentence). Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks (Supporting sentence 1). Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow (Supporting sentence 2). Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not
(Supporting sentence 3).
Cause and Effect
Recently, people’s ideas about how to spend their holidays have changed a lot. It seems that people are becoming more and more active, and they want to explore the entertainment offered by the outside world. There are several reasons why people have changed their minds about holidays (Topic sentence). With the growth of economy, people possess more money enough for them to find enjoyment in holidays (Supporting sentence 1). And more people work more intensively and
have less time to relax…(Supporting sentence 2)
Process
Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing (Topic sentence). First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards… Next, pull his mouth
open and his jaw forward,… then…(Supporting sentences)
Homework
(Directions: Prepare a 3-min oral speech by using the following topic sentence and supporting details.)
Topic Sentence： Owing a private car has many advantages.
Supporting details:
1. be convenient 2. save a lot of time 3. enjoy the leisure time 4. not rely on public transportation
Sample:
Owing a private car has many advantages. The greatest advantage of all is that the car gives its owners more convenience and saves them a lot of time, enables them to go where they please. People can cover long distances by car rapidly and comfortably. Thus, it is possible for them to enjoy the leisure time by making trips to the country or seaside during the two-day weekends and on holidays. In addition they are no longer forced to rely on public transportation and waste their time in waiting for buses or trains.
4.7 Proverbs and Quotations
1. Genuine knowledge comes from practice. 实践出真知。
2. The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant. 学, 然后知不足。
3. You never know what you can do till you try. — Frederick Marryat, British novelist
除非你亲自尝试一下，否则你永远不知道你能够做什么。 — 英国小说家 F. 马里亚特
4. If you would have a thing well done, you would have a thing well done, you must do it yourself.
— Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet
如果要将事情做好，就得亲自动手。 —— 美国诗人 H. W. 朗费罗
5. Only a nation of educated people could remain free. — Thomas Jefferson, American President
只有由受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。—— 美国总统 T. 杰斐逊
