K400V2S07S3Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Arts/literature

feminist literary criticism / Fanny Fern / sentimentalism 

FF的作品在多愁善感中针砭时弊

①Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism-a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. ②Feminist reclamations of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her "nonsentimental" qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism. ③Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern's sardonic social critiques with her effusive celebrations of many conventional values. ④Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed “flowery rhetoric" strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath apparent conventionality. ⑤However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change. 

在 1970 年代女权主义文学批评出现之前，19 世纪的美国作家范妮·弗恩（Fanny Fern）被大多数评论家视为哀伤感伤主义的原型——传统美国文化的虔诚、平淡的偶像。 相比之下，女权主义者强调了Fern的“非感性”品质，尤其是她尖锐幽默的社会批评。大多数女权主义学者发现很难调和弗恩的讽刺社会批评和她对许多传统价值观的热情洋溢的赞扬。为了解决这一矛盾，哈里斯得出结论，弗恩有策略地使用了“华丽的修辞”，以将她的颠覆性目标隐藏在明显的常规之下。然而，汤普金斯提出了一种关于多愁善感本身的另一种观点：多愁善感的写作可以服务于激进的，而不仅仅是保守的目的。Fern通过在情感上影响读者，促使他们接受社会变革。

1. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions Fern’s “sharply humorous social  criticism” primarily in order to 

功能题 目的题 中

女权主义者认为FF不多愁善感的证据。

C

A. contrast Fern’s apparent intentions with the impression her writing made on Harris 无关

B. suggest that many feminist critics have attributed to Fern intentions that she may not have had. 没有that后面的证据

C. identify an aspect of Fern’s writing that strikes some scholars as incompatible with other  attributes of her writing.  符合后一句信息。

D. help account for the effect Fern’s writing had on critics of her own time 没有effect的证据

E. identify the aspects of Fern’s writing for which she was primarily known prior to the 1970s 相反

2. In the context in which it appears, “reclamations” most clearly means 

词汇题 难

reclamation: retrieve or recover (something previously lost, given, or paid); to demand or obtain the return of

B

A. reformations 改革

B. rehabilitations 康复，复原 restore (someone) to former privileges or reputation after a period of critical or official disfavor

C. recapitulations 概括

D. retractions 撤回

E. reiterations 重说

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage.

Arts

Renaissance / context / idiosyncratic / classical texts

文艺复兴时期对古典文本的引用

①Educated people in the Renaissance learned their Latin from contemporary collections, like Erasmus’ Adages and Ravisius Textor’s Epitha, that grouped pithy expressions not by author or period but by subject. ②Thus Renaissance students encountered the many variations ancient Roman writers (ca. 100 B.C.—ca. A.D. 200) had for maxims like "War is pleasant to those who haven't tried it.” ③They could even use these sayings flawlessly themselves, for example, urging friends who worked too long on one book to “take your hand off the writing tablet." ④But they had no sense of context, instead they associated the quotations not with the original sources, but with other identical, similar, or opposite sayings cited in their textbooks. ⑤Modern scholarship has explored this point to explain the idiosyncratic nature of most Renaissance allusions to classical texts. ⑥The prevalence of this sort of secondhand classical culture in the Renaissance should figure in any effort to assess the degree and kind of influence that Roman writers had on the educated class of the sixteenth century in Europe. 

文艺复兴时期受过教育的人从当时的汇编中学习拉丁语，例如 Erasmus 的 Adages 和 Ravisius Textor 的 Epitha，这些收藏不是按作者或时期而是按主题对精练的表达进行分组。因此，文艺复兴时期的学生遇到了古罗马作家（约公元前 100 年—约公元 200 年）对诸如“战争对那些没有尝试过的人来说是愉快的”这样的格言的不同表达。他们甚至可以自己完美地使用这些谚语，例如，敦促在一本书上投入时间过长的朋友“把手从写字板上拿开”。但他们没有上下文感，他们不会将引文与原始资料联系起来，而是与教科书中引用的其他相同、相似或相反的说法联系起来。现代学界用这一点来解释这种奇特的文艺复兴时期对于古典文本的引用。这种间接古典文化在文艺复兴时期的盛行，在评估罗马作家对 16 世纪欧洲受过教育的阶级的影响的程度和种类时，应该被考虑进来。

3. The term “idiosyncratic” is used by the author of the passage to characterize the 

细节题 难

说明人们这种对古典文本的引用行为的态度。

C

A. manner in which educated people of Renaissance Europe learned Latin 与学习态度无关

B. interpretations by some modern scholars of Renaissance allusions to classical texts 在呈现现象，不是描述态度。

C. way in which allusions to classical texts were usually employed by Renaissance writers 符合

D. secondhand nature of classical culture in Renaissance Europe 无关

E. influence that ancient Roman writers had on the educated class of sixteenth-century Europe 无关

4. The author of the passage suggests that when a Renaissance student quoted a Latin expression, that student would typically 

细节题 推断题 难

学生们不管语境，不会将引文与原始资料联系起来，而是与教科书中引用的其他相同、相似或相反的说法联系起来。（因为书就是这么编的呀~）

B

A. use the expression in an inappropriate context 相反。原文说了用起来flawlessly

B. be unfamiliar with the original source of the expression 符合

C. employ a garbled variation of the original expression 使用原始表达式的混乱变体。没有证据

D. modify the expression from the form in which it appeared in contemporary collections 没有modify的证据

E. use the expression with a similar or opposite saying learned from the same textbook 干扰项。原文是associate，不是use

5. With which of the following views of modern scholarship on the Renaissance period would the author of the passage most likely agree? 

态度题 难

以下关于文艺复兴时期的现代学术的观点，文章作者最有可能同意哪一种? 

找相同。题干在倒数第二句。

B

A. It’s devotion to the study of Renaissance allusions to classical texts has blinded it to issues that are more central to an understanding of the period. 没有issues的证据

B. It needs to consider the means by which educated Renaissance people learned Latin in order to understand how these people were influenced by the literature of ancient Rome. 最后一句

C. It has adequately assessed the way in which Renaissance writers used ancient Roman texts,  but it still needs to examine the original sources of these Roman texts. 没有adequately的证据

D. It has spent most of its time exploring firsthand classical culture in the Renaissance and now needs to take on its secondhand classical culture. 没有firsthand的证据

E. It should incorporate a broader, interdisciplinary approach, one that addresses the overall social conditions of the Renaissance, if it hopes to gain a more complete understanding of this period. 没有证据

生词摘录：

garbled 篡改的，混乱的

Question 6 is based on this passage.

Sciences/biology

fish / ocean / dark depth

深海鱼为什么不游？

James: Why is it that fish living in the ocean’s dark depths do not swim around very much? It must be that the scarcity of food available there prevents them from having much energy for swimming. 

Marie: But fish swim around only to approach or avoid other creatures that they can see, and in such conditions of darkness, almost nothing can be seen.

James: 为什么生活在海洋黑暗深处的鱼很少游来游去？ 一定是因为那里的食物稀缺使它们无法获得足够的能量游动。

Marie: 但是鱼游来游去只是为了接近或避开它们可以看到的其他生物，而在如此黑暗的条件，几乎什么都看不见。

6. Marie responds to James by 

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 中

玛丽给出另外一种解释。

E

A. offering a reason to think that the question James poses is too vague to be satisfactorily answered 没有vague的证据

B. pointing out that what James presents as an explanation is the very thing that needs to be explained 玛丽并没有纠结在J的解释上。

C. objecting that James’s explanation accounts for only some of the cases that it is claimed to cover 玛丽并未说能够解释部分现象。

D. presenting a reason to doubt that what James tries to explain really happens 给出一个理由怀疑詹姆斯试图解释的事情（鱼不游）是否真的发生了 。玛丽并不怀疑鱼不游动这件事。

E. providing a reason to doubt that the phenomenon James attempts to explain requires any explanation of the kind he offers 给出一个理由怀疑James的理由能解释他想要解释的现象。符合

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage. 

Arts

heath hen / decline / habitat / bird communities

黑琴鸡数量下降

①The decline of the heath hen began when the first European arrived on the East Coast of North America. ②Before European settlement, Native Americans used fire to maintain a mosaic of forests, shrublands, agricultural fields, and grasslands.③ After European diseases decimated Native American populations, the formerly open habitats of the Northeast became largely forested, resulting in major changes to bird communities and probably reducing suitable heath hen habitat. ④Although the clearing of forests by European settlers probably once again increased heath hen habitat, hunting pressure was extreme, and by 1821 the formerly common bird was rare in New England. ⑤The last reports of heath hens in Pennsylvania and New Jersey are from 1869, and it is doubtful that the heath hen survived much after that on mainland North America. 

当欧洲人来到北美东海岸时，黑琴鸡的数量就开始减少。在欧洲人定居之前，美洲原住民使用火来维持森林、灌木丛、农田和草原各自的面积。在欧洲疾病摧毁了美洲原住民人口之后，东北部以前开阔的栖息地大部分被森林覆盖，导致鸟类群落发生了重大变化，并可能减少了适宜的黑琴鸡栖息地。尽管欧洲定居者对森林的砍伐可能再次增加了黑琴鸡的栖息地，但因为人们的捕猎，到 1821 年，这种以前常见的鸟类在新英格兰已经很少见了。 宾夕法尼亚州和新泽西州的最后一次关于黑琴鸡的报道是在1869年，在那之后北美大陆上就很难再见到了。

7. Which of the following can be inferred about the action mentioned in the highlighted portion of the passage? 

细节题 推断题

给出一个可能使黑琴鸡数量再次上升的可能，但是又被取反。

C

A. It was facilitated by the use of fire to maintain a mosaic of forests and open habitats. 无关。这是上句信息。

B. It partially reversed changes to bird communities that occurred in the previous century. 没有reversed证据

C. It failed to compensate for the effects of overhunting the species. 符合

D. It resulted from a deliberate effort to conserve the species. 没有这个effort

E. It had a significant positive impact on a species that was already close to extinction. 没有positive impact

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

8. Which of the following statements about the impact of European settlers on the heath hen is supported by the passage?  

细节题 中

ABC

A. The first Europeans indirectly precipitated a decrease in suitable heath hen habitats 符合3句描述。

B. European settlers hastened the decline of the heath hen through hunting. 符合

C. The growth of European settlements may have increased suitable heath hen habitats 符合

背景拓展：

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage. 

Sciences/environmental science

wilderness / conservation / stable environment

不存在什么原始荒野

①Academics have been reconsidering the meaning of “wilderness” and its usefulness to conservation strategies. ②The idea of pristine wilderness is historically inaccurate, argue scholars of Native American history, who have demonstrated that Native Americans shaped their environments with their agricultural practices and residential patterns. ③Other scholars argue that wilderness is simply a cultural construct created in opposition to modern society, not a real place untouched by humans. ④Scientists, in turn, have argued that the goal of wilderness preservation is based on a model in which ecosystems progress toward a stable equilibrium state, a model replaced in the 1970s with one stressing constant change. ⑤These insights complicate wilderness management which critics charge aims to preserve a supposedly stable environment that existed prior to human disturbance. 

学术界一直在重新考虑“荒野”的含义及其对保护荒野策略的实用性。研究美洲原住民历史的学者认为，原始荒野的概念在历史上是不准确的。他们已经证明，美洲原住民通过他们的农业实践和居住模式塑造了他们的环境。 其他学者认为，荒野只是一种与现代社会相对立的文化结构，而不是人类未触及的实际地方。 反过来，科学家们认为，荒野保护的目标是建立在一个模型上的，在这个模型里，生态系统趋向稳定平衡状态发展，该模型在 1970 年代被一个强调不断变化的模型所取代。 这些见解使荒野管理变得复杂，批判者们批评保护所谓的人类干扰之前的稳定环境的目标。

9. Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? 

功能题 目的题 易

顺承服务上一句观点。

C

A. It undermines a claim made in the previous sentence. 相反

B. It introduces a perspective that the author disputes. 相反

C. It elaborates on a claim made earlier in the passage. 符合

D. It introduces a traditional point of view 相反

E. It describes a recent scholarly controversy. 没有controversy的证据

10. The author suggests that the model “stressing constant change” is significant because it 

细节题 推断题 易

作者认为不存在不受到人为影响的荒野。保护一个平衡稳定的环境没有意义。

B

A. points a way in which wilderness management can be conducted in a modern society 没有way的证据

B. undermines an assumption underlying wilderness management 符合

C. helps to explain why wilderness management efforts have been unsuccessful 没有unsuccessful的证据

D. calls into question the idea that wilderness is a cultural construct 相反/无关

E. suggests that wilderness areas are more threatened than was previously thought 没有比较的证据