1999.09.30日本东海村核临界事故（中英双语）

英文原文中错误的部分会在中文部分里提出/直接修改，也会放一些里面没有的内容

原网站会放在评论区里

感谢 @JD社畜 的补充

英文原文：

Tōkai-Mura Nuclear Power Plant in Japan, September 30, 1999, 10:35am.

Hisashi Ouchi, 35 years old, Masato Shinohara, 39 years old, and Yutaka Yokokawa, 54 years old, were working at the JCO nuclear fuel processing plant located inside the Tōkai-Mura Nuclear Power Plant. Ouchi and Shinohara were mixing a batch of fuel containing uranium in a stainless steel tank while Yokokawa was sitting at a desk 4 meters (just over 13 feet) away. Suddenly, there was a blue flash as the mixture experienced a nuclear reaction emitting neutron radiation and gamma-rays.

The mixture was able to reach critical mass due to a number of factors. First, the maximum amount of uranium allowed in the mixture was 2.4 kilograms. When the reaction occurred, there were 16 kilograms of uranium in the mixture. Second, these men had no training in this level of enrichment of uranium for fuel as this was the first time this process had been attempted in this factory in three years. Also, the plant was only inspected two times a year by the state regulator. It had never been inspected while the plant was in operation.

Ouchi, being nearest to the tank, was blasted with 17 sieverts of radiation. This is possibly the highest dose of radiation any human has ever experienced. Shinohara received 10 sieverts while Yokokawa received 3 sieverts.

At the time, Japan limited workers’ exposure to radiation to 50 millisieverts a year. 8 sieverts is considered a lethal dose of radiation.

Nuclear Radiation 101: Nuclear radiation affects the atoms in our bodies by removing the electrons. This breaks the bonds between atoms, including DNA and water in our bodies, damaging them. If your DNA gets damaged enough, cells can’t replicate and they die. Those that can still replicate, create more damaged cells. When damaged cells multiply, it creates cancer.

The effects of the radiation on Ouchi were immediate. He was in pain and couldn’t breathe. He vomited into the tank and lost consciousness in the decontamination chamber.

Shinohara turned to run but only made it about 3 steps before he collapsed.

Upon arrival at the Mito hospital, Ouchi’s skin was red and puffy but he showed few other outward signs of his condition. Then doctors began tested his chromosomes. They had “shattered like glass.” They could not be identified or arranged. Without chromosomes, his cells could not regenerate and his body could not heal. His white blood cell count was 0.

It was estimated that the amount of radiation Ouchi’s body experienced was similar to that at the epicenter of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The radiation destroyed his DNA and immune system.

The plant was still in criticality. Radiation creates heat so the steel tank used to mix the fuel was soaking in cool water. This cooling of the tank helped to prolong the nuclear reaction which lasted intermittently for 20 hours. Eventually, workers were able to drain the water, allowing the mixture to heat up and the reaction to cease. Then a solution of boric acid was added to the fuel mixture. Boric acid acts as a neutron absorber. 27 workers were exposed to additional radioactivity in this process. A shield had to be put in place around the tank to keep gamma radiation from affecting people outside of the plant.

119 people in the plant received doses of radiation around 50 millisieverts. approximately 300 residents living in the area of the plant were exposed to levels less than 50 millisieverts.

31，000 people within 6 miles of the plant were ordered to stay indoors and people living within 350 meters (just under a 1/4 mile) were evacuated. Although it would take 5 hours before this evacuation was ordered. They were allowed to return after 2 days.

There was no critical accident alarm at the facility. When the accident first occurred, other workers were unaware of the emergency. After they were made aware, there was confusion as to whether or not the danger had passed. This led to three members of emergency personnel being unexpectedly exposed while trying to rescue the workers inside.

Because the plant was not included in the National Plan for the Prevention of Nuclear Disasters, immediate protocols for the protection of individuals outside of the plant were not in place. Workers at a lumber yard very near the plant were not evacuated until 3pm, 4hours 25minutes after the reaction.

Yokokawa,Ouchi and Shinohara remained in the hospital.

On day 6, Ouchi was placed in a sterile room at the University of Tokyo Hospital. He needed a peripheral cell transplant (this had never been done before) so that he could begin generating white blood cells again. His sister was a match and donated the cells for transplant.

After one week in the hospital, he began to show outward signs of radiation sickness. His skin began sloughing off. Because his cells couldn’t regenerate, no new skin formed to replace it. He again began to have difficulty breathing. Ouchi said, “I can’t take it anymore. I am not a guinea pig.” He was in extreme pain despite medication. At this time, he was put on a ventilator and kept in a medically induced coma.

On day 18, Ouchi’s white blood count returned to normal. It appeared that the transplant had been a success, but a week later tests showed that the radiation was attacking the transplanted cells as well.

On day 27, Ouchi’s intestines started “to melt.” Three weeks later, he started hemorrhaging. He began receiving blood transfusions, sometimes as many as 10 in 12 hours. He began losing a significant amount of fluids (10 liters, or over 2 1/2 gallons, a day) through his skin so they wrapped him completely in gauze. He was bleeding from his eyes. His wife said that it looked like he was crying blood. Ouchi started receiving daily skin transplants using artificial skin, but they wouldn’t stick. His muscles began falling off the bone.

On his 59th day in the hospital, his heart stopped three times in just 49 minutes. He was resuscitated. This severely damaged his brain and kidneys. At this point, Ouchi was on life support.

Doctors continued life saving measures but Ouchi died of multi-organ failure on December 21, 1999 after 83 days in the hospital.

Shinohara seemed to be getting better. On New Year’s Day 2000, he was taken in his wheelchair to visit the hospital gardens.

However, in late February 2000, Shinohara contracted pneumonia and the damage to his lungs from the radiation meant that he needed to be put on a ventilator. This prevented him from speaking, so he had to write messages to nurses and family. Some of the last words written by Shinohara were “Mommy, please.”

Shinohara died April 27, 2000 of multi-organ failure.

Yokokawa stayed in the hospital for six months. He was then released to recover at home.

In reaction to the accident, which was found to be completely the result of human error, the Tōkai-Mura power plant was fully automated and fitted with neutron monitoring equipment. Tōkai-Mura had a history of taking shortcuts and putting their employees at risk to speed up production. The deaths of Ouchi and Shinohara were the ultimate penalty for their carelessness.

One year after the devastating accident, 6 employees were arrested and charged with negligence. One of the 6 was Yokokawa who claimed he “forgot” or was not aware of the dangers in the plant. He pled guilty.

At the time, Japan generated approximately 1/3 of its electricity from nuclear power.

中文译文：

日本东海村核电站，1999年9月30日，上午10时35分。

35岁的大内久、39岁的筱原理人和54岁的横川丰在位于东海村核电站内的JCO核燃料加工厂工作。大内和筱原正在不锈钢罐中混合一批含有铀的燃料，而横川则坐在 4 米外的办公桌前。突然，混合物发生了能够发射中子和伽马射线的核反应，铁罐里出现了一道蓝色闪光（切伦科夫效应，具体请自行搜索）。

由于众多因素的影响，桶中的燃料达到了临界质量（通俗来说是满足了发生临界反应的条件）。首先，混合物中允许的最大铀含量为 2.4 公斤。当反应发生时，混合物（或者钢罐）中已经有整整16公斤铀。其次，这些人没有接受过这种浓缩铀燃料工艺的培训，因为这是该工厂三年来初次尝试这种工艺。此外，该工厂每年仅接受国家监管机构两次检查。在工厂运营期间监管机构从未对其进行过检查。

大内久距离辐射源最近（0.63m），受到17Sv的辐射。这是人类承受到的最高剂量的辐射。筱原理人承受的辐射剂量为10Sv（1.2m），横川丰承受的辐射剂量则为3Sv（4m）。

当时日本规定工人承受辐射的年上限量为 50mSv（0.05Sv），而8Sv的辐射剂量是致命的。

核辐射：核辐射通过去除电子来影响我们体内的原子。这会破坏原子之间的键，包括我们体内的DNA和水，从而破坏它们。如果你的DNA受到一定的损害，身体中的细胞就会因一定时间内无法复制而死亡（下文便是最好的印证）。那些依然可以复制的受损的细胞则会产生更多的受损细胞。当受损细胞繁殖时，就会产生癌症（受到辐射后一些人得癌症的缘由）。

辐射对大内久的影响立竿见影。他十分痛苦，呼吸困难。并且他朝着水箱呕吐不止，后来在更衣室里失去了知觉。

筱原理人转身要跑，但只跑了大约三步就倒地不起了。

到水户医院时，大内久只是皮肤红肿，表面上并没有其他症状。然后，医生开始检查他体内的染色体。他的染色体就“像碎掉的玻璃一样”，根本没办法被辨别和排序。失去了（有序）染色体的加持，他体内的细胞就无法进行复制，他身体（中的病症）也无法治愈。同时他体内的白细胞数量也迅速跌落至0（一点小小的感冒都会杀死他的程度）。

据估测，大内的身体所受到的辐射量与广岛原子弹所放出的辐射量相近。辐射摧毁了他的 DNA 和免疫系统。

该工厂中的临界反应还未停止。临界反应产生热量，因此用于混合燃料的钢罐被浸泡在冷水中。这种对水箱的冷却有助于延长（不是缩短）持续 20 小时的核临界反应。最终，工人们能做的是排干水箱中的水，使钢罐中的燃料升温并停止反应。然后将硼酸溶液注入燃料中。硼酸充当中子吸收剂的角色。在这个过程中，27 名工人受到了额外放射性物质的照射。他们必须在水箱周围放置一个防护罩来防止伽马射线影响到工厂外的人。

工厂里的 119 人受到了大约 50 毫西弗的剂量的辐射。居住在工厂附近的大约300名的居民暴露在低于 50 毫西弗的辐射下。

工厂 6 英里范围内的 31，000 人被命令留在室内，居住在 350 米范围内的人被疏散。下令撤离用掉了整整 5 个小时。附近的人们则在 2 天后才被允许返回。

当时设施并没有发出已经发生了严重事故的警报。因此事故刚发生时，其他工人并未意识到厂内已经发生了严重事故。等他们了解到可怕的临界事故已经发生了之后，他们又开始对反应是否结束心有存疑。这导致了三名应急人员没有做任何保护措施，便进入了事发地点试着对工人们实施救援。

由于该工厂未包含在国家预防核灾难计划中，因此没有立即制定保护工厂外人员的协议。工厂附近一个木材场的工人直到下午 3 点才撤离，也就是临界反应发生的4小时25分钟之后。

横川丰、大内久和筱原理人三人开始住院。

第6天（1999.10.05），大内久住进了东京大学医院的无菌室中（家人在这之后只能通过医生了解情况）。这时的他需要做外周细胞移植才能再次开始产生白细胞（这种移植在当时是从未做过的）。他的妹妹的正好与他的相匹配，因此她捐出了她的细胞进行移植。（1999.10.06）

第11天，放射病的外在迹象开始在大内久身上显现。他的皮肤开始脱落。因为他的细胞不能再生，所以无法形成新的皮肤来代替脱落的皮肤。他又一次陷入呼吸困难的境地。大内久（上人工肺前，被戴上氧气面罩的时候）说：“我不是用来做试验的小白鼠！” 尽管已经注射了药物，他还是会感到非常痛苦。之后，他被戴上了人工肺（用来迫使肺部进行扩张和收缩），陷入医学诱导下的昏迷状态（当时用了异丙酚等多种药物进行麻醉）。（1999.10.10）

第18天，大内的白细胞数量恢复到健康人的水平。移植成功了。但一周后的检查表明，大内久体内的辐射也在攻击移植的细胞（30个细胞中约有3个细胞的dna受到了破坏）。（1999.10.17）

第27天，大内久的肠子开始“融化”（肠内粘膜开始脱落）。（肠内粘膜脱落）三周后，开始出现大出血的现象。因此他开始接受大量的输血，有时一天内输血多达10次。他的皮肤开始渗出大量的体液（每天10升左右），因此他的身体全被包在纱布里。他的眼睛开始流血。据大内久的妻子（其实是在场的护士，而不是大内久的妻子），当时的他看起来就像在流着血泪一样。（因为皮肤的不断脱落）大内久也开始每天接受使用人造皮肤进行的皮肤移植，但移植上去的人造皮肤却无法附着在他的皮肤上。他的肌肉从他的身体上脱落（脸上和背面的皮肤未受影响，只有正面的部分皮肤消失，肌肉没有脱落）。（1999.10.26/1999.11.17）

在他住院的第59天，他的心脏在短短49分钟内停止了3次。但他还是被医护人员“救醒”了。同时心脏的多次罢工也严重地损害了他的大脑和肾脏。这时候，大内久的身体中仅仅只有心脏在拼命工作了（跳动的速度一度高于120次每分钟，相当于一个躺在床上的马拉松选手）。（1999.11.28）

医生们继续竭力挽救着大内久的生命，但大内久还是在住院83天后，也就是1999年12月21日死于多器官衰竭（逝世时35岁）。

筱原理人的状况貌似在慢慢好转。2000年元旦，他还坐着轮椅去参观了医院的花园。

然而，在2000年2月下旬，筱原理人感染了肺炎，同时辐射也在损害着他的肺部，这样的话，他只能依靠人工肺才能呼吸。也意味着他再也没办法说话了，所以他只能通过写信的方式同家人和护士交流。筱原理人写的最后一句话是“妈妈，救救我”。

筱原理人于2000年4月27日因多器官衰竭去世（逝世时40岁）。

横川丰住了六个月院后便出院回到家中康复了。

机构在处理过程中发现，本次事故完全是人为错误造成的，东海村发电厂已经实现了完全自动化，并且配备了中子监测设备。而JCO有让员工在未知面临风险的情况下走捷径以加快生产速度的前科（且在其他厂配备了机器人操作的时候JCO依旧让未经培训的员工操作以降低成本加快生产）。大内久和筱原理人的死，则是最终对JCO在员工培训上的粗心大意的惩罚。

日本东海村核临界事故发生一年后，有6名JCO的员工被捕，并受到过失罪的指控。横川丰也在这六人的行列中，他在法庭上声称他当时“忘”了，又说自己并不知道这道工序的危险性。但横川丰最后还是认罪了。（2000）

在当时，日本大约1/3的电力都来自核能。

补充：1.取自 https://optimistminds.com/hisashi-ouchi/

Hisashi Ouchi’s name is also sometimes reported as ‘Hiroshi’, though it was definitely Hisashi, and the pronunciation of Ouchi is “Aochi”,and he was 35 years old at the time of the incident.

Hisashi Ouchi was a native of Ibaraki and he had a younger sister, a wife, and a young son, and he also smoked a pack a day and had played rugby in high school.

大内久的名字有时候也会被报道为“宏志”，它和“久”是一样（差不多）的，而且“大内”发“Aochi”的音，事发时大内久35岁。

大内久是茨城县本地人，有一个妹妹，一个妻子（而且二人很恩爱）和一个年纪尚小的儿子，他每天抽一包烟，高中时还打橄榄球。

取自《日本核辐射死亡事件》

大内35岁，已婚，有个上小学三年级的儿子。一家三口住在自家地产上的新房子里。这所房子是他们赶在儿子上小学前修建的。

大内的起居规律守时。他每天早晨6点钟准时醒来，6时40分离开家去上班。他每天抽一包香烟，晚上喝两杯加水稀释的烧酒，晚上9点钟上床睡觉。这便是大内的日常作息规律。

1999年9月30日，这一天看上去与其他日子没什么不同。

上午10点钟，大内来到工厂的转化试验楼。这里的工作是加工铀燃料，提供给核燃料循环开发学院的实验性快中子反应堆。

9月10日以来，大内的上司和同事一直在从事这一加工项目，此时已经到了后阶段。这是大内首次在转化试验楼工作。他执行上司（横川丰）的命令，首先使用过滤器过滤溶解在一个不锈钢桶内的铀溶液。他的上司和同事（筱原理人）将过滤后的溶液倒入一个沉淀罐。上司将一个漏斗插入像窥视孔一样的小洞，然后扶住漏斗，由大内的同事用一个不锈钢量杯向漏斗里倾注铀溶液。大内搞完过滤后，替换上司，扶住漏斗。

上午10时35分，他们正在倾注第七桶溶液。大内的同事倒完后一点儿铀溶液时，大内听到一记响亮的撞击声，还伴随着一道蓝色光亮。这种光亮，即是达到核临界值时发射出来的“切伦科夫辐射光”。在那个时刻，辐射能的强烈中子束射穿了他们的身体。

他们完全暴露在了辐射中。

厂区内的监控警报器尖厉地响起，发出了辐射泄漏的警报。

2.国内网站上“右腿断裂，双手直立（外号辣条人）”的所谓大内久死状的照片并非大内久本人。

早在几年前4ch就已经有几个人再在查找照片来源并辟谣了，照片来源是德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿 Shriner 烧伤医院的一名烧伤患者，这张照片是从2013年开始才流传开来。

B站上有删减的NHK纪录片（心理承受能力不行的不建议看）

日本电视台报道本事件相关内容

NHK报道现场处理过程（比较客观）

现场处理过程记录2（有一段报得跟日漫似的）

下方的P2展示了本次事故后东海村修建的“原子力科学馆”的一部分

其他的有关本事件的视频我不建议看（特别是那个全英动画），有很多添油加醋的成分。

3.事件发生的根本原因是JCO没有对工人进行安全培训。

（横川丰等人被判刑的原因是没有告诉两个逝者规范的操作流程，只是告诉他们把溶液倒进去，而且此前六人已经签了责任书。没人会在什么都明白的情况下白白送死。）

4.跟大内久有关的“剧情”

（1）事故发生前一天，大内久的妻子曾怀疑他新工作的安全性，他对妻子说“不用担心，应该没事。”。结果第二天刚刚被调到新岗位就发生了4级事故。

（2）大内久在世时的最后一句话，是当着妻子的面说的“我爱你”。

妻子在大内即将去世前和儿子对他达成了最后的探望，在医护人员印象中，这是他妻子第一次强忍着眼泪哭，她对大内说：“可怜的爱人，你还在坚持。”，后来儿子也在妈妈的鼓励下对面孔已经变得陌生的父亲说“爸爸，能听到吗，加油啊！”

（3）当时的护士们在不知道大内是否还能听到的时候给大内放他喜欢的CD，对他说话，后来所有相关的医护人员都带了自己喜欢并且适合大内的CD。据一位护士回忆，当时常会听到席琳·迪翁的歌。

（4）在第59天心脏三次停搏后，大内虽然被“救”活了，而且脑电波不是直线，有的时候会皱眉头，但无法对外界做出实际上的回应。

（5）大内去世的第一个春天，大内的妻子来到东大医院，这时原先照料过大内的很多医护都已经被调走，名和是少有的依旧留在原岗位的护士，大内的妻子与名和相拥而泣，说“感谢你们对他的照顾，你们对他照顾得细致入微。”，虽然是这样，但名和依旧认为那段时间的治疗是对大内的折磨，是不应该被这样称赞的。

（6）最后为大内做尸检的法医的叙述中，大内的身体通体鲜红，正面的皮肤、头发、指甲、粘膜组织基本上已经消失，辐射严重的部分与不大严重的部分有着鲜明的分界线，脸和背面的皮肤没有受到太大影响，肢端因血液循环不良而发黑，心脏是除了大脑之外唯一未受太大伤害的器官。

（7）法庭上，（控方拿出）大内妻子的证词：“我的丈夫一直对我说，他的工作没有危险，可我觉得，他对他工作的危险性并不完全了解，今天，我认为：我的丈夫是被他所效力的公司杀害的。”

跟大内久没啥关系的“剧情”

（1）在大内久去世的前一天（1999.12.20），指挥二人多倒溶液从而引发了事故的横川丰从放医研出院。

横川在法庭上就公司安全教育不足的陈述如下：“我们没有受过如何避免核临界事故的教育，我以为将大量溶液倒入罐中并无问题。”

（2）大内去世的一两周后，筱原理人在哥哥口中得知大内久去世后哭了，大声说：“我也会死吗？”，他的妻子鼓励他振作起来：“等你好了，我们一起去看望大内的家人。”

（3）筱原去世后一周年（2001.04.27），一位记者曾到筱原的家中采访，筱原的家人说：“我仍然无法相信筱原理人已经去世了。”

大内去世快一周年时，他的妻子给前川和彦医师写了一封信，信中有句话是这样说的

【逝ってしまった人達は戻ってくることはありません、逝ってしまった人達に今度はありません】

【逝者无法归来，逝者没有下次】

而我们，只能希望逝者能够安息，只能希望世界上不再发生类似的事故。

封面&整理：和槿wakin

资料来源：【NHK-2001.05.13纪录片-被曝83天纪录】

【NHK-2011书籍-《A SLOW DEATH：83 DAYS OF RADIATION SICKNESS（中译：日本核辐射死亡事件）》】

【知乎-辐射过多将如何死去？-匿名用户-网址详见“目录-附加内容”】

【本文-网址详见评论区置顶】

【补充1-网址 https://optimistminds.com/hisashi-ouchi/ 】

【补充2-“目录-附加内容”评论区-  @JD社畜  留言（已置顶）】

【与大内无关的剧情（3）- https://www.dogdrip.net/308404365 -“도카이촌 핵 임계사고 환자들의 초기 치료 결과 1편” 评论区】

0319-附加内容网址 https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv15736723#reply106901012368