（翻译）枪机框反弹问题的成因与解决方案
原文地址：https://sturgeonshouse.ipbhost.com/topic/912-bolt-carrier-bounce-causes-and-solutions/
翻译：MoronNoob
也可以看看：http://www.qiangyou.org/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=43774
Most automatic weapons, with the exception of really weird designs like the Madsen LMG and Hino-Komuro, have a linear reciprocating breech member; either the bolt or a bolt carrier group. This reciprocating member is supposed to move rearward (the recoil stroke) and pull the spent case from the chamber, and then rebound off of a spring to shove a new round into the chamber (the counter-recoil stroke). After the counter-recoil stroke the reciprocating mass should come to a halt in its forward-most position; the "in-battery" position. When the bolt carrier group is in battery the case is entirely surrounded by the walls of the firing chamber and the locking mechanism is fully engaged, so it is safe to fire. Things do not always work ideally, however, and sometimes this reciprocating mass bounces instead of coming to rest. This is called (somewhat erroneously in the case of gas-operated weapons) "bolt-bounce."
大多数自动武器，除了个别非常奇特的设计，如麦德森轻机枪和日野-小室步枪/手枪，都有一个线性往复式后膛部件：枪机或枪机框。这个往复运动的部件应该向后移动（后坐行程）并将击发后的弹壳从弹膛中拉出，然后被弹簧推回以将新的子弹推入弹膛（反冲行程）。在反冲行程之后，往复运动的枪机部件应当在待击位置处停止。当枪机组在待击位置时，弹壳完全被弹膛内壁包围并且闭锁机构完全啮合，因此可以安全发射。然而，事情并不总是理想的，有时往复运动的枪机框这样的重物会反弹而不是停止。这就是所谓的“枪机框弹跳”。
Andrew Tuohy removed the buffer weights from the buffer in an AR-15 to make the action bouncier for illustrative purposes:https://youtu.be/y2GeugjmeF0
出于说明目的，Andrew Tuohy拿掉了他的AR-15缓冲器的一部分配重，来让枪机框弹跳的幅度更大：https://youtu.be/y2GeugjmeF0
There are two ways that bolt carrier rebound can be a problem. In extreme cases the bolt carrier will rebound, but a combination of high friction in the action and weak return springs will mean that the bolt carrier gets stuck and does not go back into battery. Hopefully the designer was smart enough to design the thing so that it absolutely cannot fire when it is out of battery, because out of battery cartridge ignition is an excellent way to convert a firearm into a pipe bomb. If they were so wise, then there will be a failure to fire of some variety. Generally speaking a weapon has to be unusually dirty, worn, or poorly designed for this problem to occur. Return springs are usually strong enough to get the moving parts into battery even if they aren't fully compressed. I have, however, witnessed this problem in German K43 rifles because they are a pile of suck and fail.
枪机框弹跳会在两种情况下成为问题。在极端案例中，枪机框反弹后在与机匣较大的摩擦力和较孱弱复进簧的共同作用下会卡住从而导致复进不到位。幸好设计者足够聪明的设计出不到位保险，使复进不到位时绝对无法击发，不然闭锁不到位时击发会把你的枪变成一个铁管炸弹。如果他们足够聪明，那就不会导致你的枪发生某种击发故障。一般来说一把武器只有在非常脏，破损，或者设计得稀烂的情况下才会发生这种问题。就算没有完全压缩，复进簧也通常能提供足够大的力量把运动部件（枪机组）推到待击位置。然而，我也在一把G43步枪上见过这种问题，因为它们就是一坨史。（作者也同样承认G43很漂亮）
The second, more likely problem only rears its ugly head in fully auto fire. In most full auto weapons there is an auto-sear, which a secondary sear which releases the hammer as long as the trigger is depressed. The auto-sear is tripped by the bolt carrier during counter-recoil, usually when or just before the bolt carrier goes into battery. If the bolt carrier rebounds off the front of the receiver and the timing is just wrong, the hammer (or striker) will hit the bolt carrier when it is slightly out of battery. Again, competent designs have means of preventing out of battery ignition and the attendant facial and manual reorganization that tends to go with that. However, when the hammer or striker hits the out of battery bolt carrier its kinetic energy will be spent. This means a failure to fire.
第二种问题大多数情况下只会在全自动射击时发生。在大多数（闭膛的）全自动武器中都有一个全自动阻铁，作为第二个阻铁以在扣住扳机的情况下自动释放击锤。全自动阻铁会在枪机框的反冲行程中，通常是枪机框到位的同时或者前一刻被触发。（存疑，释放击锤的应该是不到位保险）如果枪机从机匣前端反跳开并且时机不对的情况下，击锤（或者击针）会在略微不到位的情况下打在枪机框上。同样，有学识的设计会防止在复进不到位的情况下击发以及随之而来的面部和手部的毁容修复。然而，当击锤或者击针打在不到位的枪机框上会消耗掉它的一部分动能。这就意味着击发失败。
Early M16s had rebound problems, particularly during full auto fire. Originally the buffer was intended simply to be a hollow spring guide, but a problem with light primer strikes forced a redesign of this component in 1966.
早期M16就有反弹的问题，特别是在全自动射击时。原始的缓冲器只是简单的设计成一个空心的复进簧导柱，击锤击打力度不足的问题促使这个部件在1966年重新设计。
This image, from the patent for the improved buffer shows the series of sliding weights that were added to the buffer. These work like the sliding pellets in a deadblow hammer and arrest the tendency for the bolt carrier to bounce. The additional mass had the added benefit of slowing down the velocity of the bolt carrier, which reduced wear on the parts and lowered the cyclic rate of fire, which improved full auto control.
这张来自于改进缓冲器专利的图片展示了一组被加入缓冲器的滑动配重块。这些配重块的作用就像死锤（一种专门的木槌，有助于最大限度地减少对被击打表面的损坏并控制打击力，同时最大限度地减少从被击打表面的反弹，通常锤头部分填充有松散的钢丸）里的钢珠一样来抵消枪机框反跳的趋势。额外的质量降低了枪机框运动的速度，有着降低零件磨损和降低射速以改善全自动射击时枪械操控性的益处。
The HK roller-retarded blowback guns, owing to their extremely high bolt carrier velocities, have a strong tendency to rebound unless somehow checked. The solution HK engineers hit on is an anti-rebound claw
HK的滚柱延迟后座枪械由于枪机框极快的复进速度，枪机框反弹的趋势除非通过某种方式检查过（不知道如何翻译，可能有误）的话否则会很强。HK工程师的解决方案是枪机框上的反跳爪。（多见于步枪上，MP5的解决方案类似AR15，在枪机框内装入铅砂，通过铅砂的惯性来防止枪机框的反跳）
Labeled as the "bolt head locking lever" in this diagram. This is a spring-loaded claw mounted on the bolt carrier that grabs the bolt head as the bolt carrier group goes into battery. The lever essentially ratchets into place with friction, providing enough resistance to being re-opened that the bolt carrier does not rebound.
在此图（图挂了）中被标记为“枪机头锁定杠杆”的部件是个装在枪机框上的带弹簧的金属爪，在枪机组进入待击位置时钩住枪机头。杠杆通过摩擦力像棘爪一样钩进位置，提供了足够强的阻力防止枪机框反跳导致枪机开锁。
The FAMAS, which has a similarly insanely high bolt carrier velocity, solves the problem in a very similar way. In this case, however, the charging handle is the anti-rebound device. The arrangement is similar to the locking catch on an AR-15's charging handle, except that it's much more robust because the catch is responsible for arresting the rebound of the entire bolt carrier.
FAMAS步枪同样有着极高的枪机框复进速度，解决这个问题的办法也很相似。但在FAMAS步枪上，拉机柄则是枪机框的防跳装置。这种设计与AR-15拉机柄上的锁扣很相似，但它因为需要防止整个枪机框的反弹而设计得更加坚固。
There are other ways still to arrest the rebound of the bolt carrier. The Ruger MP-9 (the one designed by Uziel Gal, not the insanely over complex B&T product of the same name) is supposed to have a spring-cushioning pad at the front of the receiver which brings the bolt to a stop instead of bouncing. The upcoming Desert Tech MDR has, by one account, "an asymmetrical bolt carrier face. This is accomplished with a protruding boss on one side of the carrier. As the carrier moves forward to go into battery, the asymmetrical face contacts the barrel extension first. Tolerances within the axial motion of the back end of the carrier group permit the energy to be redirected through a sideways movement. This micro-movement of the rear end of the carrier impedes the bounce and assures full function of the weapon, especially in select-fire operation." Large caliber autocannons often have complex, articulated secondary locks that prevent bolt carrier bounce, since autocannon bolt carriers are enormous and have a great deal of residual kinetic energy.
除了上述内容，还有一些其他方式阻止枪机框的反跳。鲁格MP-9（由乌兹盖尔设计的那一把而不是布鲁加托梅的那把同名但是巨复杂的MP9）应该在机匣前端设计了一个弹簧缓冲垫来让枪机停止而不是反跳。根据一种说法，即将推出的沙漠科技MDR（本文写于2015年）有"一个不对称的枪机框面。这是在枪机框的一侧有一个突出的凸起来完成的。当枪机框向前移动以进入待击位置时，不对称的表面首先接触到枪管节套部分。枪机组后端的轴向运动中的公差允许能量通过侧向运动重新定向。枪机框后端的这种微动阻碍了反弹，并保证了武器的全部功能，特别是在选择射击模式中。（MDR段太复杂所以摆烂机翻）大口径自动炮通常有着复杂的铰接副锁，因为自动炮的自动机巨大，带有很多的剩余动能
So, when I read that the SIG MCX has some problems with full auto function that sound suspiciously exactly like the same problems the M16 had prior to the addition of the weighted buffer (the same weighted buffer the MCX does away with), I can only roll my eyes. This is nothing new, and there are a half-dozen ways of fixing it. Do your homework.
所以，当我知道SIG MCX在全自动功能上出了问题，而这些问题听上去很可疑，和M16改进缓冲器之前出的问题非常相似（MCX拿掉了那种改进的缓冲器）我只能翻白眼了。这根本不是什么新问题，有十万种甚至九万种办法来解决它。SIG能不能有点脑子。
（b站专栏编辑器就是一坨）
