拜占庭军队的招募与征兵 C. 550-950（6）

作者：John·F· Haldon  约翰·F·哈尔顿
出版商：1979年维也纳奥地利科学院出版

B. THE “MILITARY LANDS” ACCORDING TO THE NINTH- AND TENTH-CENTURY EVIDENCE

B. 九世纪和十世纪证据中的“军事土地”

Recent analyses of the evidence — notably those of Lemerle, Karayannopoulos and Ahrweiler — have generally promoted a viewpoint which, in the extreme form expressed by Karayannopoulos, denies any connection between the themes, military service and military lands altogether before the ninth and tenth centuries.57 I should like here to go over once more the evidence for these assertions. Beginning with the tenth-century material, I will attempt to follow the system as it appears in the surviving sources back to its origins.

          最近对证据的分析——尤其是 Lemerle、Karayannopoulos 和 Ahrweiler 的分析——普遍促进了一种观点，即 Karayannopoulos 表达的极端形式，否认 9 世纪和 10 世纪之前的军区、兵役和军事土地之间有任何联系。我想在这里再次回顾一下这些断言的证据。 从 10 世纪的材料开始，我将尝试追踪在现存资料中出现的系统，回到它的起源。

The key texts with which to open the discussion are the legal pronouncements of the tenth century which relate to the “military lands”. Leaving aside for the moment the reasons for their promulgation and their effectiveness, we can elicit certain fundamental details.

          开启讨论的关键文本是 10 世纪与“军事土地”相关的法律声明。 暂且不谈颁布的理由和效力，我们可以引出一些基本的细节。

The first text is a novel of Constantine VII issued between 945 and 959,Περί των στρατιωτών .58 The author begins by noting that what has previously been a custom — namely that those lands which support the strateia or military obligations should not be sold by the stratiotai — is now to be fixed by law.59 The constitution then proceeds to fix the value of a property which supports a mounted soldier at four pounds of gold, and in addition of those which support a naval strateia in the Aegean, Samiot and Cibyr- rhaiot fleets, where the service is particularly heavy. For the sailors of the imperial fleet and the other fleets, the older rate is henceforth fixed by law, the value of the holdings supporting each strateia to be of not less than two pounds of gold. Those enrolled for either of these strateiai—οί έν έκατέραις στρατείαις κατειλεγμένοι— who have maintained their property whole can bequeath or donate it as they wish, dividing it equally or unequally among their heirs or others, excluding αξιω ματικ ο ί; it following, of course, that the strateia remains attached to the property. Each section of the property must support a corresponding proportion of the strateia.

     一个文本是君士坦丁七世的小说，于 945 年至 959 年间发行，Περί των στρατιωτών .（关于士兵） 作者首先指出，以前的习俗——即那些支持战略或军事义务的土地不应被政府出售 Straiotai — 现在将由法律确定。 59 然后宪法将支持骑兵的财产的价值固定为四磅黄金，此外还有支持爱琴海、萨米奥特和西比尔的海军战略的财产 - rhaiot 舰队，在那里服务特别繁重。 对于帝国舰队和其他舰队的水手，从今以后法律规定了较早的费率，支撑每条领地的财产的价值不少于两磅黄金。 登记在这些战略中的任何一个——οί έν έκατέραις στρατείαις κατειλεγμένοι（所有被军队占领）——的人可以按照自己的意愿遗赠或捐赠，在继承人或其他人之间平等或不平等地分配，不包括μαικι； 当然，随之而来的是该 Stratia 仍然附属于该财产。 物业的每一部分必须支持相应比例的地块。

The novel goes on to discuss the case of a στρατιώτης having more lands than are required. Three examples are envisaged — (a) where all the properties of the man are registered: he is henceforth not permitted to sell any of them, especially to any στρατιώτης(of whom a comprehensive hst is included) ; (b) where not all the properties are registered, in which case the owner can dispose of them as he wishes, providing that the minimum required for the strateia is in no way reduced; (c) where none of the land is registered — εί δέ ούδόλως άπογεγραμμένα εισι τά του στρατιώτου ακίνητα — then the best, up to a value of four pounds of gold, is to be entered on the κ ώ δ ιξ, the rest is freely disposable. A fourth case, whose importance Lemerle rightly stresses, is where a man is subject to a partial strateia, in which case a proportional part of his property is registered.

          小说继续讨论了 στρατιώτης 拥有比所需土地更多的土地的情况。 设想了三个例子——(a) 该人的所有财产均已登记：此后他不得出售任何财产，尤其是向任何 στρατιώτης（士兵）（其中包括全面的 hst）； (b) 并非所有 财产已登记， 在这种情况下，所有者可以按照自己的意愿处置它们，前提是该地契的最低要求不会降低；  (c) 在没有土地登记的情况下——εί δέ ούδόλως άπογεγραμμένα εισι τά του στρατιώτου ακίνητα（在任何情况下，士兵的财产都不会未经登记）——那么最好的，最多四磅黄金的价值，是自由输入的，剩余的 ξ δ 是自由输入的 一次性的。 第四种情况，Lemerle 正确地强调了其重要性，即一个人受到部分财产的约束，在这种情况下，他的财产的一部分被登记。

There follows the assertion that not only those who serve in the “sacred legions of soldiers”, but also those who have fallen on hard times, are unable to fulfil their obligations and are therefore granted an exemption, are to be legally classified as stratiotai, with the attendant privileges (which include protection from the sale of their land by the fisc).

          随之而来的断言是，不仅那些在“神圣的士兵军团”中服役的人，而且那些陷入困境、无法履行义务并因此获得豁免的人，在法律上都应归类为阶层， 附带特权（其中包括保护他们的土地不会被税务员出售）。

Next come a series of provisions aimed at preventing a military holding from becoming unoccupied and uncultivated, and hence of failing to provide both for its strateia and the state taxes to which it was subject.Finally, the novel deals with the case of stratiotai who have been forced into a greater or lesser degree of servitude, and whose lands have been absorbed into the estates of the dynatoi; with those who are illegally exempted from their strateia in return for handing over their lands to the protection of powerful military officers; and with those whose services have been usurped by the powerful. Important for our purpose is to note that the action of re-directing the services of an active strati dies is qualified as των φουσάτων τούτους άποστερήσαντες, while the military holdings are repeatedly qualified as τά εξ ών ή στρατεία ύπηρετεϊται κτήματα or τά έξ ών αι στρατειαι ύπηρετοΰνται . From the existence of partial strateiai, it is clear that the stratiotes or holder of the military land(s) need not himself be a soldier — as Lemerle notes, the first novel of Romanns I (April 922 ?) distinguishes the στρατιώτης from the στρατευόμενος, the latter being the actual soldier.The military holding could be divided between heirs or as a gift; in which case the equipment and horse for ton strateuomenon must have been provided from contributions from each of the new holders of the land in proportion.

       接下来是一系列旨在防止军事控股成为无人居住和无人耕种的规定，从而未能同时提供其地税和其所受的州税。 被迫或多或少地被奴役，其土地已被并入王朝的庄园； 与那些因将土地交给有权势的军官保护而被非法豁免的人； 以及那些服务被强者篡夺的人。 重要的是我们的目的是要注意的重新定向的积极分层模具的服务动作限定为των φουσάτων τούτους άποστερήσαντες（这些泡沫被剥夺），而军事储备是为τά εξ ών ή στρατεία ύπηρετεϊται κτήματα or τά έξ ών αι στρατειαι ύπηρετοΰνται （外国或军队服务于庄园或外国军队服务）. 从部分 strateiai 的存在来看，很明显，军事土地的持有者或持有者不需要自己是一名士兵——正如 Lemerle 所指出的，罗曼斯一世的第一部小说（922 年 4 月？）将 στρατιώτης （士兵）与 στρατευόμενος（入伍） 区分开来 ，后者是实际的士兵。军事控股可以在继承人之间分配或作为礼物; 在这种情况下，用于 ton strateuomenon 的设备和马匹必须由每个新的土地所有者按比例提供。

Further texts confirm that the holder of the land need not be the active soldier who serves with the army. A novel of Romanus II appears to refer to those who hold military land but do not serve, as well as to those who might be expected to serve actively.68 In addition, we have also the undated novel of Nicephorus II which announces the increase of the minimum value of a military holding for cavalry soldiers from four pounds of gold to twelve pounds (a result of the establishment of new, heavily-armed cavalry regiments), and consequently the amount of the lands registered.69 This novel makes it clear that the revenue of a holding was designed to maintain a soldier and his equipment. But it also raises a problem. Lemerle argued that the novel is not to be understood as compulsorily raising the value of military holdings; but rather of safeguarding the lands of the strati otai by establishing a much higher margin within which the land was to be inalienable and which, in the event of its being illegally sold off, had to be restored without recompense.

          进一步的文本证实，土地的所有者不一定是在军队中服役的现役士兵。 罗曼努斯二世的小说似乎指的是那些拥有军事土地但不服役的人，以及那些可能被期望积极服役的人。 骑兵的最低军事资产价值从 4 磅黄金到 12 磅不等（这是建立新的全副武装的骑兵团的结果），以及因此登记的土地数量。 69 这部小说清楚地表明， 控股的收入旨在维持一名士兵及其装备。 但这也带来了一个问题。  Lemerle 认为，不应将小说理解为强制提高军事资产的价值； 而是通过建立一个更高的界限来保护地层的土地，在该界限内土地不可转让，如果土地被非法出售，则必须无偿恢复。

未完待续