拉康理论精分神析人门【合集】

signifier & signified

Jacques Lacan, The Instance of the Letter in the Unconscious, 1957. (influence from Ferdinand de Saussure)

What are signs?

Meaning of the Letter

signifier → signified;

signifier → new signified (the meaning given by society may change) (the signifier represses the signified)

Why do we use them?

The Signifying Chain

word → sentence → paragraph → context

语言作为一种被不同主体共享的存在，我能够将其用于表示与其字面意义截然不同的东西。这种言说功能可以指示主体在寻求真理的过程中的位置。

How do they come into being?

Metonymy 转喻: 一词替换另一词，所指不变。

e.g. 30 sails = 30 ships

displacement 置换 (feelings/behavior from original objects ---transfer to--- another person/thing)

Metaphor 隐喻: 一词替换另一词，与主体无直接联系。

e.g. His sheaf was neither miserly nor hateful. → "sheaf"=the hero Booz, "his"=possession, implying Capitalist Competition; it tries to lose the negative aspects of Booz by replacing him by "his sheaf".

condensation 凝缩 (the repressed returns in a hidden way)

the symptom (对积极的渴望)

conclusion

Linguistic & Unconscious

Lacan: "The unconscious is structured like a language."

free association 自由联想

It is not that our desires are expressed through language, but the language creates the desires...It is language that enabled us to become conscious.