K400V2S07S2Q1-Q10解析
Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.
Arts
Malvin Johnson / Brightwood / interpretative thinking / Paul Cezanne
约翰逊的画
①African American painter Malvin Gray Johnson (1896-1934) grew up in urban environments, including New York City, but in 1934 visited and painted scenes from the small town of Brightwood, Virginia. ②Some critics have celebrated the Brightwood paintings, which depict a vibrant natural landscape and close-knit Black community, as Johnson’s discovery of an “authentic” African American life in the rural South. ③This view, which reflects a common tendency to regard African American artists’ imagery as unmediated documentation of direct experience, overlooks Johnson’s interpretative thinking. ④In truth, Johnson’s conceptualization of the South was largely formed before he left New York, where he had studied the French expressionist Paul Cezanne. ⑤Johnson’s Brightwood paintings reflect Cezanne’s stylistic influence and tendency to present rural life as an idyllic alternative to modern industrialism.
非裔美国画家马尔文·格雷·约翰逊（Malvin Gray Johnson，1896-1934 年）在包括纽约市在内的城市环境中长大，但在 1934 年访问并绘制了弗吉尼亚州布莱伍德小镇的场景。 一些评论家称赞布赖特伍德的画作，描绘了充满活力的自然景观和紧密联系的黑人社区，因为约翰逊在南部乡村发现了“真实的”非裔美国人生活。这种观点反映了将非裔美国艺术家的画作视为直接经验的无媒介记录的普遍趋势，忽视了约翰逊的解读性思维。 事实上，约翰逊对南方的概念很大程度上是在他离开纽约之前形成的，他在那里学习了法国表现主义画家保罗·塞尚。 约翰逊的布莱特伍德画作反映了塞尚的风格影响和将乡村生活呈现为现代工业主义的田园诗般的替代品的倾向。
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
功能题 主旨题 易
文章是个观点点评类文章。一些评论家的观点被否定。
A
A. contest a particular interpretation of Johnson’s Brightwood paintings 符合
B. compare Johnson’s Brightwood paintings to French Expressionist art 无关
C. use information about Johnson’s historical context 无关
D. explain why the work of African American painters is sometimes misunderstood 没有解释原因
E. call attention to an aspect of Johnson’s technique that has been largely overlooked 并未文章主旨
2. The author suggests which of the following about “some critics” mentioned in the passage?
细节题 推断题 易
这些评论家的观点作者并不认同。
D
A. They mistakenly tend to regard Johnson’s Brightwood paintings as more artistically sophisticated than Johnson’s earlier work 没有比较的证据
B. They overlook certain parallels between Johnson’s Brightwood paintings and paintings produced during the same period by other African American artists 没有其他艺术家的证据
C. They hold a view of Johnson’s Brightwood paintings that most scholars find unpersuasive 没有后面that的证据
D. Their view of Johnson’s Brightwood paintings overlooks the extent to which Johnson imposes a particular conception of rural life on the scenes he painted. 符合
E. Their interpretation of Johnson’s Brightwood paintings helped illuminate Johnson’s feelings about the South 没有feelings的证据
背景拓展：
Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage.
Arts
Bill of Rights / original meaning / originalism
不要寻求权利法案的原始意义来解决现在的问题
①The importance of the Bill of Rights in twentieth-century United States law and politics has led some historians to search for the "original meaning" of its most controversial clauses. ②This approach, known as "originalism, " presumes that each right codified in the Bill of Rights had an independent history that can be studied in isolation from the histories of other rights, and its proponents ask how formulations of the Bill of Rights in 1791 reflected developments in specific areas of legal thinking at that time. ③Legal and Constitutional historians, for example, have found originalism especially useful in the study of provisions of the Bill of Rights that were innovative by eighteenth-century standards, such as the Fourth Amendment`s broadly termed protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures." ④Recent calls in the legal and political arena for a return to a "jurisprudence of original intention. " however, have made it a matter of much more than purely scholarly interest when originalists insist that a clause's true meaning was fixed at the moment of its adoption, or maintain that only those rights explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution deserve Constitutional recognition and protection. ⑤These two claims seemingly lend support to the notion that an interpreter must apply fixed definitions of a fixed number of rights to contemporary issues, for the claims imply that the central problem of rights in the Revolutionary era was to precisely identify, enumerate, and define those rights that Americans felt were crucial to protecting their liberty.
①Both claims, however, are questionable from the perspective of a strictly historical inquiry, however sensible they may seem from the vantage point of contemporary jurisprudence. ②Even though originalists are correct in claiming that the search for original meaning is inherently historical, historians would not normally seek to determine exactly what a specific clause or right meant when the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791, because historians would not normally feel compelled to support attempts to make that "original meaning" binding today. ③The strictly historical purpose for an inquiry into the original meaning of specific rights would be to determine why a particular clause was adopted and to establish a baseline from which its subsequent evolution could be traced and evaluated.
①Because of its proponents' pressing need to find determinate meaning at a fixed historical moment, originalism cannot capture everything that was dynamic and creative-thus uncertain and problematic-in Revolutionary Constitutionalism, nor can it easily accommodate the diversity of views that explains why the debates of the Revolutionary era were so lively. ②A strictly historical approach, on the other hand, makes it clear that the framers and ratifiers of the Bill of Rights were struggling with complex questions, the novelty of which had carried them away from the received wisdom of their time and was forcing their ideas about rights and the protection of those rights to continually evolve.
《权利法案》在 20 世纪美国法律和政治中的重要性导致一些历史学家寻找其最具争议性条款的“原意”。这种被称为“原旨主义”的方法假定每项被编入法案的权利都有一段独立的历史，都可以与其他权利的历史隔离开来进行研究，其支持者想了解 1791 年权利法案的制定如何反映了当时法律思想特定领域的发展。例如，法律和宪法史学家发现“原旨主义“在研究权利法案中在18世纪非常革新的条文时尤其有用，比如第四修正案宽泛定义的对于公民免于“不合理的搜查与扣押”的权利。然而，最近这种回归原始意图的呼声已经超出纯粹学术兴趣的范畴，原旨主义者坚持认为一个条款的真正含义在其通过时就已经确定，或者坚持只有美国宪法中明确提到的那些权利才受到宪法承认和保护。 这两个主张似乎支持了法案的解释者必须将特定的权利的特定定义应用于当代问题的观念，因为这些主张表明独立战争期间关于权利的核心问题是准确定义、列举和定义那些美国人认为对于保护他们的自由至关重要的权利。
然而，从严格的历史调查的角度来看，这两种说法都是值得怀疑的，无论从当代法理学的角度它们看起来多么合理。 尽管原旨主义者认为寻找原始意义本质上是历史性的这一观点正确，但历史学家通常不会试图确定在 1791 年通过《权利法案》时特定条款或权利的确切含义，因为历史学家通常不会感到必须支持那些将条款原始含义与今天相结合的尝试。追寻特定权利的原始意义的严格历史目的只是为了探寻一个特定条款为什么被采用，以及确立一个用来追踪和评估条款后续演化的准则。
由于其支持者迫切需要找一个固定的历史时刻的确定含义，原旨主义不能捕捉到革命宪政主义中充满活力和创造性的一切，也不能轻易适应对于独立战争时期的辩论生动性的多样解释。 另一方面，一个严格的历史方法清楚地表明，《权利法案》的制定者和批准者正在努力解决复杂的问题，这些问题的新颖性使他们远离了当时公认的智慧，并迫使他们关于权利和保护这些权利的观念不断发展。
3. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Bill of Rights?
态度题 难
作者在文中表达了没有必要寻求权利法案的原始意义，更不要用那些原始意义来解决当代问题。
B
A. The Bill of Rights’ importance in twentieth-century United States law and politics has been overemphasized by some scholars. 没有overemphasized证据
B. The diversity of views among the Bill of Rights’ framers and ratifiers makes the search for any right’s original meaning inherently problematic. 符合三段首句
C. The omission of certain rights by the framers and ratifiers should limit the number of Constitutionally recognized and protected rights today. 没有omission的证据
D. Establishing the original meaning of each clause will enable controversial issues to be settled according to the intentions of its framers. 没有settled的证据
E. Originalists have exaggerated the contributions of certain framers and ratifiers of the Bill of Rights while downplaying the contributions of others. 没有比较的证据
4. It can be inferred from the passage that a jurisprudence of original intention is based on which of the following assumptions about the Bill of Rights?
细节题 推断题 难
从文章中可以推断出，关于原始意图的法理学是基于以下关于权利法案的哪个假设? 对应一段最后一句。
C
A. Its framers and ratifiers sought to protect individual rights in as many situations as possible by describing each right in broad terms. 没有证据
B. Its framers and ratifiers originally intended the rights enumerated in the various individual clauses to be interpreted in relation to one another 没有in relation的证据
C. Each clause has a meaning that can be determined by studying its history and can be applied to contemporary issues. 符合。
D. Each right reflects the diversity of views that its framers held about individual rights. 每一项权利都反映了其制定者对个人权利的不同看法。 没有证据
E. A study of interpretations of Bill of Rights suggests that the Bill can legitimately be read in more than one way. 没有多种解读的证据
5. The passage suggests that a historian conducting a strictly historical inquiry would make which of the following assumptions when studying the Bill of Rights?
细节题 推断题 中
对应第二段最后一句。
D
A. The framers of the Bill of Rights sought to define each right in strict and narrow terms. 没有strict and narrow的证据
B. The results of historical inquiry into the true meaning of its clauses must be applied to contemporary issues. 相反
C. Developments in thinking about individual rights ended after the codification of those rights. 文章最后一句也说仍在evolve
D. It is possible to determine why a particular clause was included in the Bill of Rights. 符合
E. Legislators of the Revolutionary era were preoccupied with defining and enumerating those rights that were crucial to individual liberty. 不是assumption. 选项内容定位原文一段最后：因为这些主张发现了关于权力的核心问题，所以对于当代问题也适用。仍然是和B更接近。
6. Which of the following historical documents, if they existed, would most strengthen the author’s characterization of Revolutionary Constitutionalism?
细节题 加强题
作者的态度与原旨主义者相反。找新证据支持。
B
A. Placards from 1791 urging people to ratify the Bill of Rights because it explicitly mentions all rights deserving of Constitutional protection 无关
B. Personal letters of a framer of the Bill of Rights complaining about his colleagues’ failure to reach consensus about which rights protect and how to protect item 立法者自己都没达成共识。可以加强作者观点。
C. Minutes of a meeting during which the precise wording of a right was worked out in order to ensure that the right had a single meaning 发现一份会议记录，会议期间制定了一项权利的确切措辞，以确保该权利具有单一的含义。相反。
D. The diary of a framer of the Bill of Rights that details a discussion concerning why one particular clause should be included in the Bill of Rights
E. Newspaper editorials asserting that the framers of the Bill of Rights failed to develop creative or innovative ideas 相反
生词摘录：
placard /ˈplækɑːrd/ 海报，布告，标语
minutes 会议记录 /ˈmɪnɪts/ （熟词僻义）
Question 7 is based on this passage.
S02S1Q7姊妹篇
Arts/archeology
Maya / carving / cutting tool
玛雅人使用石器
Centuries ago, the Maya of Central America produced elaborate, deeply cut carvings in stone. The carvings would have required a cutting tool of hard stone or metal. Deposits of iron ore exist throughout Central America, but apparently the Maya never developed the technology to use them and the metals the Maya are known to have used, copper and gold, would not have been hard enough. Therefore, the Maya must have used stone tools to make these carvings.
几个世纪以前，中美洲的玛雅人制作了精美的、深度切割的石雕。 雕刻需要硬石或金属的切割工具。 整个中美洲都有铁矿，但显然玛雅人从未开发出使用它们的技术，而玛雅人已知使用过的金属铜和金也不够坚硬。 因此，玛雅人必然使用的石器来制作这些雕刻品。
7. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
逻辑单题 逻辑反对 中
找他因。
A
A. In various parts of the world, civilizations that could not make iron from ore fashioned tools out of fragments of iron from meteorites. 算是补充新证据，勉强算他因
B. All the metallic Mayan artifacts that have been found by archaeologists are made of metals that are too soft for carving stone. 考古学家发现的所有玛雅金属制品都是由金属制成的，这些金属对于雕刻石头来说太软了。SO？不能削弱，反而加强
C. The stone out of which these carvings were made is harder than the stone used by other Central American peoples. 那不就更得用更硬的石头嘛。不能削弱。
D. The techniques that the Maya used to smelt gold and some other metals could not have been easily applied to the task of extracting iron from iron ore. 不能削弱。
E. Archaeologists disagree about how certain stone tools that have been found among Mayan ruins were used. 关于石制工具如何使用考古学家没达成共识。不能削弱。
Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.
Sciences
pure science / practical value / technology / engineering / applied science
纯科学和应用科学不用分那么清楚
This passage is adapted from an essay published in 2010.
①As I write, the Large Hadron Collider, the world's biggest atom-smasher at CERN in Geneva, has switched on with almost unprecedented media jamboree. ②Asked about the practical value of it all, Stephen Hawking has said that "modern society is based on advances in pure science that were not foreseen to have practical applications." ③It's a common claim, and it subtly reinforces the hierarchy that Medawar identified: technology and engineering are the humble offspring of pure science, the casual cast-offs of a more elevated pursuit.
①I don't believe that such pronouncements are intended to denigrate applied science as an intellectual activity; they merely speak into a culture in which that has already happened. ②Pure science undoubtedly does lead to applied spin offs, but this is not the norm. ③Rather, most of our technology has come from explicit and painstaking efforts to develop it. ④And this is simply a part of the scientific enterprise. ⑤A dividing line between pure and applied science makes no sense at all, running as it does in a convoluted path through disciplines, departments, even individual scientific papers and careers. ⑥Research aimed at applications fills the pages of the leading journals in physics, chemistry, and the life and Earth sciences; curiosity-driven research with no real practical value is abundant in the "applied" literature of the materials, biotechnological, and engineering sciences. ⑦The fact that "pure" and "applied" science are useful and meaningful terms seduces us sometimes into thinking that they are real, absolute, and distinct categories.
在我写这篇文章的时候，位于日内瓦的欧洲核子研究中心世界上最大的原子粉碎机——大型高能强子对撞机已经开启了几乎前所未有的媒体盛会。当被问及这一切的实际价值时，斯蒂芬·霍金说：“现代社会建立在纯科学的进步之上，而这些进步之前都并未预见到会有实际应用。” 这是一个普遍的说法，它巧妙地强化了梅达沃所确定的等级制度：技术和工程是纯科学的卑微后代，是更高尚的追求的随意抛弃（细枝末节）。
我认为这样的声明并不是为了贬低应用科学，这只是在描述已经形成的现状。纯科学无疑会产生应用的衍生品，但这不是常态。相反，我们的大部分技术都来自于开发它的明确和艰苦的努力。这只是科学事业的一部分。纯科学和应用科学之间的分界线毫无意义，尽管在学科、部门、甚至个人发表的科学论文和职业生涯上都区分的泾渭分明。针对应用的研究占据了物理学、化学、生命和地球科学领域的主要期刊的页面；材料、生物技术和工程科学的“应用”文献中充斥着一些纯好奇心驱动而无使用价值的研究。 认为“纯研究”和“应用”科学这两个术语是有用且有意义，这有时会诱使我们将两者割裂开来。
生词摘录：
jamboree 盛典 /ˌdʒæmbəˈriː/
8. In the context of the passage, the mention of the Large Hadron Collider primarily serves to
功能题 目的题 易
给出一个纯科学看起来没什么应用价值的例子。
A
A. demonstrate the attention that is paid to what some consider pure science 符合
B. introduce a change in the prevailing attitude toward science 没有态度变化的证据
C. call into question the currently existing priorities for scientific research 没有质疑
D. illustrate the contributions that applied science has made to pure science 没有contributions的证据
E. cast doubt on the hierarchy identified by Medawar 无关
9. According to the passage, the "explicit and painstaking efforts" are
细节题 中
来自二段3句：相反，我们的大部分技术都来自于开发它的明确和艰苦的努力。也就是说，应用技术不一定是纯科学的衍生品，人们也是专门花功夫开发应用技术的。
A
A. part of the same overall endeavor as pure science research 符合。不太容易看的出来，可以结合排除法，打好错误标签。
B. the foundation of the techniques that allow advances in pure science 没有foundation的证据
C. needed before the findings of pure science have practical benefit 跟pure science就没关系
D. in danger of dying out because of the attractions of pure science 没有danger的证据
E. ultimately of greater importance than the great majority of work in pure science 没有比较的证据
10. The passage implies that the statement made by Stephen Hawking has which shortcoming?
细节题 推断题 易
霍金说：“现代社会建立在纯科学的进步之上，而这些进步之前都并未预见到会有实际应用。”但文中表达了没必要区分二者的观点。
D
A. It overstates the importance of technology for modern society 没有overstates的证据
B. It fails to recognize the distinct goals of pure and applied science. 没有distinct goals的证据
C. It ignores the work involved in turning initial insight into useful technology. 没有证据
D. It treats somewhat unusual cases as if they were the general rule. 符合二段2句
E. It inappropriately understates the value of pure science. 相反。
