Modern Intellectual Tradition: From Descartes to Derrida 13-18
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 00:21
Marxism: to challenge the liberal republicanism and free market Capitalism
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Karl Marx 1818-1883
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Left Hegelians: Bruno Bauer and Ludwig Feuerbach argued that religion is a projection of human society
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incorporated the Hegelian evolutionary dialectic, pulled out of Hegel's overall metaphysics and plopped down inside a materialist economic philosophy. (Scientific socialism)
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 02:37
What is the scientific explanation of economic history?
Disabuse: inequality is not the great evil of Capitalism, but rather the workers in the factory don't own the product of their labor
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 03:15
Proletariat: factory workers
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Lumpenproletariat
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not against industrialism or factory production. His ideal society is more efficiently industrial
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 03:59
not opposed labor, the question is who should own the product
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alienation, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 04:41
Entfremdung: alien to, not friendly to, themselves
Something about me that should be my own or part of my own essence is taken away from me and made a power to oppose me
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 06:51
Capitalism is irrational besides the fact it creates alienation
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 07:03
exchange value vs use value, irrational exuberance and mob psychology
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 08:40
The core of Marxist theory: the economic or materialist theory of history. For Marx, reality is matter metaphysically, not spiritual, mental or ideal
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 09:21
Social facts are caused by economic facts. And the social facts in turn cause the forms of consciousness and culture of social members. Therefore culture and psychology is determined by sociology which is determined by economics. The means of economic production in a historical period dictates the social relations and hence the class structure of that period which in turn dictates the culture and mentality of those classes.
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 10:10
Class struggle, technology bearing class
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 14:45
a beautiful quote from the Manifesto
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Edmund Burke
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All prior forms of social structure is intrinsically conservative, but Capitalism is constantly changing the world, therefore intrinsically dynamic
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concentration of capital → more and more people are forced into the lowest class → in recession (economic cycle theory), workers lose jobs and fight → organized by the party → evolution → spread across the world
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 22:45
not a nationalist but a cosmopolitan theory, only concerned with class difference rather than borders, linguistic or religious group
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 23:38
Dictatorship of the proletariat: not ruled by proletarians but a classless society. Class ceases to exist in utopia: no private property, locally cooperate to produce things they need and distribute those goods as needed, government will wither away and disappear.
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 25:00
Marx never created a theory of politics, criticized things he hated, not described things he liked, namely the utopia. Marx underestimated the potential of Capitalism for long-term growth raising living standards and incorporate piecemeal socialist measures like trade unions. He thought Capitalism could only become more and more draconian, the fundamental logic of his theory
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 26:15
Today the theory became not only a political ideology but the model of a holistic dialectical theory of the human society, especially under the influence of positivist philosophy of science
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 27:33
continued to have a attractive view until 1973, the Gulag Archipelago written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was published in the west
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 28:23
his theory is almost defunct but the theory of socialism (vague and in other forms), which important industries should be owned and operated by the government, is not dead
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 28:43
Actually, the West constantly move back and forth on a pendulum between more government intervention in the economy and less.
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 30:20
Q: Does his theory inevitably lead to atrocities of totalitarianism, or due to the perversions of the theory by Lenin, Stalin and M
13_马克思 - 经济革命及其批判 P1 - 30:38
His political theory was built expressly on the absence of any notion of political governance or compromise, and integrated all significant forms of authority into one (probably get what it deserved)
14_克尔凯郭儿 - 理性批判 P2 - 01:18
Kierkegaard 1813-1855: critic of modernity/rationality
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upset about rational Christianity (Hegel), preferred true Christianity
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Difference between Hegel and Kierkegaard: the former is trying to synthesize everything concerning human beings, while the latter not everything can be reconciled and people should choose between incompatible ways of life (existentialist legacy)
14_克尔凯郭儿 - 理性批判 P2 - 06:00
Three different life perspectives
1. the aesthetic way of life (without concerning moral issues, not immoral but amoral)
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Diary of a Seducer
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2. The ethical way of life (social and rational)
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The knight of infinite resignation
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3. The religious way of life (not an integration/synthesis of the first two, individual, not social)
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The religious cannot explain itself to us
The ethical is constitutionally incapable of understanding the religious.
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Even forgiveness is unethical: the intervention of religion to undermine rules of justice and ethics
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The religious cannot be compatible with reasons or rationality, arguing against Western philosophical or religious tradition that faith and reason can nicely go together. Or the religion is irrational.
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Saint Thomas Aquinas: invented scholasticism by merging Christianity with Aristotle, reason and faith are compatible
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truth is subjectivity
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Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Science in terms of understanding the world is second-class knowledge, while how individuals experience the world and decide how to respond is the most important question and source of knowledge.
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Object science cannot guide how people live their lives for human existence is passionate.
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Fear and Trembling: faith is irrational literally according to the binding of Isaac
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Credo quia absurdum: I believe it because it is absurd
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Faith cannot be recognized externally or communicated. The aesthetic, ethical and religious are incommensurable, which is different from Hegel's dialectical system
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Either Or: you cannot change from this type of life to another one. This form of life cannot give you reasons to leave it behind. It is incommensurable.
14_克尔凯郭儿 - 理性批判 P2 - 29:28
William Barrett: Irrational Man
14_克尔凯郭儿 - 理性批判 P2 - 29:57
Legacy:
influenced Liberal Protestant theologians
Religious existentialist view became important for atheist existentialist, Martin Heidegger
A deeply personal philosophy for a subjective truth that has to do with the deepest and most difficult decisions to be made in human life and how they are made. He eschewed the criteria of rationalism and brought his philosophy to bear on my individual life with only one life to live. And I have the ultimate choice to make that decision to determine the value of my life
15_尼采 - 道德与真实 P3 - 00:44
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
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precursor: Arthur Schopenhauer 1788-1860, the great pessimistic philosopher, opposed Hegel. He took the Kantian system (experience and synthetic a priori knowledge of regularities in the field of experience)and made will, sheer urge or irrational desire the essence of things in themselves
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the outside experience are not things but the dynamics of power. Will is the source of everything, namely Ding-an-sich (thing in itself). it is a breakthrough since the essence of the world is not rational or reason.
15_尼采 - 道德与真实 P3 - 04:37
The Greek culture whipsawed/balanced between two opposed, antagonistic cultural principles symbolized by the gods Apollo (rationality, moderation and light)and Dionysus (the god of drunkenness and destruction)
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Euripides's The Bacchae
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the most vicious critic of Judaism and Christianity, an unrelenting critique of Judeo-Christian morality
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The Genealogy of Morals: contrast an aristocratic with a slave morality
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Evil is the label that slaves invent to describe those creatures they resent and fear
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The concept of evil was invented in human history and didn't come from God or nature. Slaves created God as a beloved judge who will reward them in the next life after the suffering of the present life and torture the powerful(the aristocrats) eternally in the fires of hell, giving a meaning to slaves' suffering.
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Slaves transformed weakness and cowardliness into merit, and got revenge in their head. They could fight back but freely chose not to. In their mind, God wanted or enjoyed their guilt, the guilt filled with resentment, self-loathing and the fear of their own stronger instincts.
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Christianity, high-octane Judaism invented the slave moralities
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The Sermon on the Mount
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Nihilism: the belief in nothing, the rejection of all values, the belief that nothing has value. However, Nietzsche is not a nihilist, but claimed that Judeo-Christianity, which devalued humanity and nature, and disparaging the reality and value of things in this world, are. He himself is an atheistic.
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What Nietzsche feared most is what Judaism and Christianity led to, which is devaluing man.
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No act of torture, rape or murder is intrinsically wrong since nature, which is the only reality, is intrinsically tortuous, rapacious and murderous
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A proper morality ought to be based in the effect of the act on the actor, not the patient
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rejected the idea that one morality fits all. Different types of people need different types of moral system to release their maximum power
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solid metronomes of the spirit for average people, opposed anarchy
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"There is something to be said in favor of the exception, as long as it does not try to become the rule."
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The will to power: reality is a will or urge to create forms that are powerful. The only proper normative standard to judge all this is really aesthetic, not moral
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The first to say it out loud that in the second half of 19th century, western society was abandoning God. Religion ceases to be the focus of everyday life.
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"God is dead." we who created God are in the process of killing God. But he didn't consider this loss as unalloyed improvement
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Eternal recurrence (the eternal return): his personal myth he got from thermodynamics of his own day. No teleology to the universe or my life at all since it is a repetition rather than a process.
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Gay Science answers the question of can we live in a world of no purpose.
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Thus Spake Zarathustra, Übermensch: the overman/superman
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Genealogy of Morals: criticized the truth(which was made as a moral value by Christianity)
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"Nothing is true, everything is permitted."
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Influence: German cultural pessimism, Heidegger's later work, the French postmodernists of the 1960s/70s, Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault, and unfortunately the F
15_尼采 - 道德与真实 P3 - 31:38
Big stakes: asking the meaning of human existence in the most fundamental and broadest sense, questioning moral values, moral views and even the notion of truth, pulling the rug out from under our feet. We have our own way of understanding human existence after Nietzsche.
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 01:34
Sociology and psychology got separated from philosophy, formed standards and in turn affected philosophy.
Ferdinand Tönnies, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, Henry Sumner Maine, Sigmund Freud, to distinguish the modern society from the traditional society.
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What are the maladies that are coming to oppress Western peoples in their utterly novel, modern way of life?
What is the cost of this new life of freedom, equality, and unending process in a world without traditions?
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Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900): unconscious mind drove consciousness
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Defend ego against attack from both guilt from superego and instincts from unconscious
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Oedipal/Electra Complex
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Similar to Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, Freud believed in the low origin of all high human activities, the sublimation of their desire or instincts in a socially acceptable way.
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After WW1, Freud began to believe in the impulse of violence, reducing things in rubble.
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 09:59
Civilization and its Discontents (1930): the growth of civilization must bring with it an ever-increasing sense of unhappiness due to guilt
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His theory stood against self-image of 19th-century Victorian man, mastering science, nature, and geopolitical world since he is not master in his own soul, the irrational will.
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Maximilian Carl Emil Weber, a more purely sociological perspective of the modern world
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 14:42
modernity as rationalization: breaking down the tradition and improve parts of the process through rationalization
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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905): the comparison between Calvinism and Catholicism with respect to wealth
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innerweltiche Askese: inner worldly asceticism (the notion that work is good in itself is novel and morally good, then break up with the social nexus and focus on activities along with the practical improvements themselves)
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Authority changes from being charismatic and traditional to being bureaucratic in the modern society (institutions are necessary for equality and freedom of modernity)
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Science as a vocation. The modern society is not organized by religious traditions but instead by instrumental rationality (the most efficient way to solve a issue) and bureaucracy.
Modernity brings fragmentation into practical contexts of instrumental rationalization.
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 23:42
Value Polytheism: we have not way to integrate the ultimate meanings, ends, or goals of life; those ultimate ends or goals are now in competition, and we must simply choose among them.
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 27:23
Progress, while some take it to provide meanings, actually undermines meanings. (Alienation: freedom and equality caused an identity crisis.)
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 29:39
Iron cage
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 29:57
Option between bearing the fate of times like a man, or living freely with alienation and returning to the open arms of old churches, or to a communal and religious existence.
16_弗洛伊德，韦伯与现代性批判 P4 - 30:23
Freud's views were taken up immediately by the French existentialists; likewise, the German critical theorists of the Frankfurt combined Freud (psychoanalysis) with Marx. Web's thoughts were taken by Habermas and some of the post-modernists.
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 01:45
The split into three subcultures: against German idealism (Hegelian), historicism, psychologism (John Mill's Logic: naturalistic, empiricist and psychologistic)/ radical against the whole history of Western philosophy
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Gottlob Frege: rationalist, Platonism, reject Mill, new logic since Aristotle
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 05:36
Phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, non-naturalistic/non-psychological consciousness, transcendental
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 06:59
Americanist tradition: classical American philosophy
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Charles Sanders Peirce: meanings of mind as factors in the context of public action
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 09:02
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
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Peirce: rebel against Cartesian-Lockean basis of modern philosophy (body-mind dualism)
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Fallibilism: not skepticism but unavailable/unreachable certainty
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Logical positivism, will not get undoubtable bottom floor
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It has immediate and unmediated relationship to the object causing it (Peirce claimed no such thing)
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Peirce replaced Kant's transcendental machinery, namely the two forms of intuition and twelve categories of understanding. All our thoughts are signs: something which stands for something to someone (generating endless string of signs)
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 14:55
All cognition, including perception is inferential (spontaneously formed judgement or inference, not a passive immediate reception of data)
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 16:23
In How to make our ideas clear, Peirce enunciated the pragmatic maxim.
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 16:41
Pragmatic theory of meaning: meaning of a term is its role in the guidance of conduct.
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Pragmatism is also a way to throw out meaningless inquiries or questions
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Convergence theory of truth: the belief is true which the community of inquirers will converge upon over the long run
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Peirce's process metaphysics: the universe is only partly deterministic, and chance evolves into regularities governed by law. (harbinger of Quantum mechanics)
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 23:01
process of evolution, post-Darwinian Bergson, emergentist Whitehead
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Josiah Royce
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Cambridge Metaphysical Club, William James, The Principles of Psychology, The Varieties of Religious Experience
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The Will to Believe
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Three Canonical Philosophical Theories of truth: correspondence, coherence, pragmatic theory
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They placed meaning in the context of action. And individual consciousness is socially located and a social product. Therefore, social action is the context of meaning and mind. (anti-Cartesian)
17_20世纪 - 实用主义哲学的兴起 P5 - 30:53
Pragmatic resurgence after 1980
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 00:18
analytical philosophy: based in the critique of German idealism (Hegelian, reality is mental), historicism (origin of things provide validity, or history development is necessary to understand their validity), psychologism (Mill, logic and mathematics must be an experiential product of human mental states)
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 01:03
1. The return to the reality of commonsense experience: a pluralistic ontology of tables, chairs and people
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2. a rejection of the notion that all relations are internal: the reality of external relations
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3. The objective reality of concepts (mathematics or logic are not presumed to come from experiences)
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 03:43
Gottlob Frege: Begriffsschrift (1879) Concept Script, a great system of logic since Aristotle
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 04:40
Quantifiers and variables in language
"The car is black"="There exists some x such that x is a car and x is black"
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Frege distinguished objects from concepts or functions. Traditional logic had treated all statements as named objects connected by the copula "is". However, in mathematics, y=F(x) expresses a gap/function to be filled by a given object the x.
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 06:14
Frege accepted a holistic notion of meaning. The meaning of a word is its contribution to actual assertions.
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Sign for assertion: ⊦ . Assertion adds or does something to a statement it asserts that it's true
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Foundations of Arithmetic (1884): first and second order of logic, showing that Kant was wrong about the synthetic nature of arithmetic. Arithmetic is analytic that is derivable from logic. However, Frege still believed that Kant was right about geometry being synthetic.
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 07:26
Logicist project: By defining some logical operations, all of mathematics could be derived as well as the valid rules of inference for any natural language. The meanings of terms in mathematical statements are objective, independent of our statements of them and our thoughts about them, even if nonphysical. Psychologism must be false.
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 08:47
The distinguish between senses (the meaning understood as a way of picking out the reference) and references (objects it picks out in the world)of expressions: different senses, same reference
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 10:06
George Edward Moore 1873-1958; Bertrand Russell 1872-1970: defended common sense realism against Hegelian idealism, and against skepticism.
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 10:57
Moore: "Proof of an External World", "Refutation of Idealism", "A Defence of Common Sense": the old view is not wrong, they are merely nonsensical
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 12:32
Russell: his own metaphysics was a platonic atomism, realism: there are facts or states of affairs independent of the mind that knows them
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 13:53
The Principles of Mathematics (1903)
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 14:40
"On Denoting" (1905): philosophical payoff, whether the statement about something that doesn't exist is wrong or meaningless, ex. unicorns
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the present King of France is bald:
there is a term x such that it fulfills both: being the present king of France and being bald
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 19:19
Russell's theory of descriptions
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 19:41
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 20:16
The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (1918): every term of a true proposition must be a sign of something with which we have direct experiential acquaintance
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 21:12
In idealism (or Leibniz), every predicate applied to me is party of my essence. (in Aristotle's perspective, these are accidental properties, in another word, changeable) In Hegel's idealism, every component of existence, and every statement or perspective on existence is partial/untrue. Until through the application of the dialectic(until we get to the perspective of the whole), we don't really understand anything.
The strict holism, according to Russell, seemed to hold hostage our understandings of everything. So the logical Atomism, which both cuts up the world of events into little pieces/atomic facts and cuts up all thoughts and ideas into logical pieces seem to be the antidote for the holistic view
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 23:53
Russell and Albert North Whitehead (1861-1947) attempted a system of logic called principia mathematica: the theory of logic is the basic bottom floor of everything
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 26:12
logical paradoxes are generated, such as whether the set of all sets that do not contain themselves contains itself or not. (set theory)
18_20世纪 - 分析哲学的兴起 P6 - 28:42
they share a strong realism and pluralism about the objects of knowledge
this includes meanings and universals (Plato's view), concepts also exist not as psychological
