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原网址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestion#Modern_sources

Hephaestion赫菲斯提安

Hephaestion (Ancient Greek: Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon; c. 356 BC – 324 BC), son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great. He was "... by far the dearest of all the king's friends; he had been brought up with Alexander and shared all his secrets." This friendship lasted throughout their lives, and was compared, by others as well as themselves, to that of Achilles and Patroclus.

赫菲斯提安（古希腊语：Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon；公元前356年—公元前324年），阿明托尔之子，古代马其顿王国贵族，亚历山大大帝军中将军。他是“迄今为止，国王最亲近的朋友；他和亚历山大一起长大并分享对方所有的秘密。”这份关系伴随二人一生，并被他们自己和其他人将这段关系与阿喀琉斯和帕特克洛斯的关系相提并论。

His military career was distinguished. A member of Alexander the Great’s personal bodyguard, he went on to command the Companion cavalry and was entrusted with many other tasks throughout Alexander's ten-year campaign in Asia, including diplomatic missions, the bridging of major rivers, sieges and the foundation of new settlements. Besides being a soldier, engineer and diplomat he corresponded with the philosophers Aristotle and Xenocrates and actively supported Alexander in his attempts to integrate the Greeks and Persians. Alexander formally made him his second-in-command when he appointed him Chiliarch of the empire. Alexander also made him part of the royal family when he gave him as his bride Drypetis, sister to his own second wife Stateira, both daughters of Darius III of Persia. When he died suddenly at Ecbatana around age thirty-two, Alexander was overwhelmed with grief. He petitioned the oracle at Siwa to grant Hephaestion divine status and thus Hephaestion was honoured as a Divine Hero. Hephaestion was cremated and his ashes taken to Babylon. At the time of his own death a mere eight months later, Alexander was still planning lasting monuments to Hephaestion's memory.

赫菲斯提安是一位出色的军人。他是亚历山大大帝贴身近卫团的一员，同时他也指挥着近卫骑士团，在亚历山大远征亚洲的十年战役中肩负着许多重要职责。包括外交职责，主要河流的桥梁建设，围城战役和新的殖民城市的修建。除了作为一名军人，一位工程师，一名外交官之外，赫菲斯提安还和哲学家亚里士多德、哲学家齐诺克雷蒂保持着联系，积极地支持亚历山大对希腊人和波斯人的民族融合举措。亚历山大正式任命赫菲斯提安为第二指挥官、帝国千夫长一职。亚历山大将德莉比娣丝嫁给赫菲斯提安，使赫菲斯提安成为皇室成员，而德莉比娣丝的姐姐嫁为亚历山大的第二任妻子，两位公主都是波斯帝国国王大流士三世的女儿。当赫菲斯提安32岁在埃克巴坦那城突然去世时，亚历山大悲痛欲绝。亚历山大派人前往西瓦（注：埃及城市）询问神谕：是否能将赫菲斯蒂安供入神庙？因此赫菲斯提安以英雄的荣耀身份得以供奉在神庙中。赫菲斯提安被火了，骨灰送回故乡巴比伦。在他去世八个月后，亚历山大追随他而去，亚历山大死前还在计划着为赫菲斯蒂安修建不朽的纪念碑。

Youth and education青年时期及教育经历

Hephaestion’s exact age is not known. No concise（简明的） biography has ever been written about him, likely stemming from the fact that he died before Alexander and none of those among Alexander's companions who survived him would have had a need to promote someone other than themselves. Many scholars cite Hephaestion’s age as being similar to Alexander’s so it is fair to assume that he was born about 356 BC. He is said to have become a page in 343 BC, a role common to adolescent boys of the aristocratic class in Macedon. As a member of the court, he may have met Alexander around this time.

赫菲斯提安的确切年龄无法获悉。没有任何明确的传记记载赫菲斯提安，可能因为他死在亚历山大之前这一原因，亚历山大的同伴们没有一个人记载他，因为亚历山大需要在他们之中再提拔一个人。许多学者认为赫菲斯提安和亚历山大年龄相仿，所以认为他出生于公元前356年。据说赫菲斯提安在公元前343年成为了一名男侍者，这是马其顿贵族中青春期男孩所共有的身份。作为宫廷中的一员，他很可能在这段时间遇到了亚历山大。

The only surviving anecdote from Hephaestion’s youth comes courtesy of the Alexander Romance. According to this tale, “... one day when Alexander was 15 years old [...] sailing with Hephaestion, his friend, he easily reached Pisa [...] and he went off to stroll with Hephaestion.”That Alexander’s exact age is given provides another clue to Hephaestion’s upbringing because at fifteen Alexander and his companions were at Mieza studying under Aristotle. Hephaestion has never been named among those who attended the lectures at Mieza, but his close friendship with Alexander at that age suggests strongly that he was numbered among them. More telling is Hephaestion’s name being found in a catalogue of Aristotle’s correspondences. The letters themselves no longer exist, but for them to have found their way into an official catalogue, their content must have been of some significance. It implies that Hephaestion received a good education and shows that Aristotle was impressed enough by his pupil to send letters throughout Alexander's expanding empire to converse with him.

唯一留存下来的亚历山大大帝的趣闻轶事都是关于赫菲斯提安年轻时向他献殷勤的浪漫故事。如下所言：“……一日，亚历山大15岁时……和他的朋友赫菲斯提安一起航行，他很快到达了比萨（注：意大利城市）……他和赫菲斯提安一起漫步街头。”这里提供的亚历山大的准确年龄为赫菲斯提安的年龄提供了一条线索，因为亚历山大在15岁时和他的同伴们都在米耶萨城接受亚里士多德的教导。更多的提到赫菲斯提安名字的是亚里士多德的书信目录。虽然这些书信已经不复存在，但是既然被记录到了官方目录中，说明它一定具有某种意义。这意味着赫菲斯提安接受了良好的教育，同时作为学生给亚里士多德留下了足够深刻的印象，使得在亚历山大扩展帝国版图的过程中，亚里士多德还不间断的给赫菲斯提安写信交流。

A few years after the lectures at Mieza, Hephaestion’s presence was notably absent when several of Alexander’s close friends were exiled as a result of the Pixodarus affair. Among those exiled by Philip II after Alexander’s failed attempt to offer himself as groom to the Carian princess were Ptolemy, Nearchus, Harpalus, Erigyius and Laomedon. The reason for Hephaestion’s absence from this list could be due to the fact that all of the exiled men were older friends of Alexander, Erigyius himself roughly 24 years older than the prince. Hephaestion was a contemporary of Alexander and it is likely that his influence might have been seen as less of a threat than these more mature companions. Whatever Hephaestion’s opinion had been on the whole affair, like many of Alexander’s other childhood companions he was not exiled in its aftermath.

在米耶萨接受教育的几年后，因为潘达洛斯事件，亚历山大的几个密友遭到流放，这段时间赫菲斯提安的出现明显减少。在亚历山大试图假扮男仆失败后，菲利普二世（注：亚历山大的父亲）将托勒密、尼阿库斯、哈帕鲁斯、艾利吉亚斯和拉俄墨冬流放。赫菲斯提安没有出现在这个名单上可能是因为，遭到流放的都是亚历山大年长的朋友们，艾利吉亚斯就比亚历山大王子要大24岁。赫菲斯提安是亚历山大同龄的朋友，可能他的影响要比这些更为成熟的朋友要少得多，故而威胁也小得多。不论赫菲斯提安在整件事情中的作用是什么，正如亚历山大其他童年玩伴一样，赫菲斯提安也没有被流放。

While it is true that very little detail of Hephaestion’s childhood and education can be found, that which remains gives credence to what is known about his later life. His friendship with Alexander was long-lasting, as was his tenure in the court at Pella; he even shared the same education as the future Great King of Greece and Asia. With such a promising start, age and experience would have helped mould Hephaestion Amyntoros into the man who would one day be the second most powerful man in Alexander’s empire, second only to the king himself.

虽然赫菲斯提安的童年经历和教育经历有着非常真实的细节，但对他后半生的记载却语焉不详。他和亚历山大的友谊持续终身，就像他在佩拉法庭（注：罗马第三行政部门首府）的终身职位一样。他和未来的亚洲和希腊的伟大君王接受了一样的教育。这样一个前景光明的开始，加上同样的年龄和经历，很容易吸引着阿明托尔之子赫菲斯提安靠近亚历山大，并在将来某一天成为亚历山大帝国中仅此于国王的最高权力拥有者。

Career生涯

Sharing Alexander's upbringing, Hephaestion would have learned to fight and to ride well from an early age. His first taste of military action was probably the campaign against the Thracians while Alexander was regent, followed by Philip II's Danube campaign (342 BC) and the battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) while he was still in his teens. His name is not mentioned in lists of high-ranking officers during the early battles of Alexander's Danube campaign (335 BC) or the invasion of Persia. Nor are the names of Alexander's other close friends and contemporaries listed, suggesting that their promotions, when they achieved them, were earned by merit.

在和亚历山大共同的教育生涯中，赫菲斯提安在年幼时就学会了战斗和骑马。他的第一次军事行为很可能是在亚历山大执政期间与色雷斯人的战争，而后是公元前342年统率菲利普二世的军队进行的多瑙河战役，以及参与公元前338年在他青年时期发生的的喀罗尼亚战役。在公元前335年，亚历山大早期的多瑙河战役中，赫菲斯提安的名字并未在高级军官名单中出现，也没有提及波斯军队的入侵。也没有亚历山大其他同龄伙伴和密友的名字，这表明他们的晋升，以及后来取得的地位，都是依靠自身的功绩赢得的。

Hephaestion's career was never solely a military one. Right from the start he was also engaged in special missions, sometimes diplomatic, sometimes technical. The first mention of his career in the sources is a diplomatic mission of some importance. After the battle of Issus (333 BC) when Alexander was proceeding south down the Phoenician coast and had received the capitulation of Sidon, Hephaestion was "... authorised to appoint to the throne the Sidonian he considered most deserving of that high office." Hephaestion took local advice and chose a man distantly related to the royal family, but whose honesty had reduced him to working as a gardener. The man, Abdalonymus, had a successful royal career, fully justifying Hephaestion's choice.

赫菲斯提安的职业生涯从来就不只局限于军事一方面。最初他就接受了额外的特殊任务，有时是外交任务，有时是技术支持。第一次提及他的外交职责源于一次重要的外交任务。公元前333年的伊苏斯战役中，亚历山大沿腓尼基沿岸南下，途中接受了西顿的投降，赫菲斯提安是“…………被授权任命西顿的官员，亚历山大认为他最适合这个职位。”赫菲斯提安听从当地人的建议选择了一个皇室的远亲，但是这个人的真诚使得他成为一个好的管理者。阿达朗尼马斯这个人，成功在皇室占据一席之地，充分体现了赫菲斯提安选择的正确性。

After the siege of Tyre (332 BC) Alexander entrusted his fleet to Hephaestion, who had orders to skirt the coast and head for Gaza, their next objective, while Alexander himself led the army overland. Hephaestion's task was not an easy one for this was not the Athenian fleet with which Alexander had started and had earlier disbanded, but a motley collection of semi-reluctant allies of many nationalities who would need holding together with patience and strength. Furthermore, on arrival at Gaza the cargo of siege engines had to be unloaded, transported across difficult terrain and reassembled.

在公元前332年的提尔战役中，亚历山大将整个舰队交由赫菲斯提安，命他绕过海岸线前往下一个目标城市——加沙，而亚历山大自己则率领军队从陆地进攻。赫菲斯提安的任务并不轻松，因为他率领的并非亚历山大最早带出来的雅典舰队，而是后来加入了很多不情愿的盟国的舰队，他们需要更多磨合才能团结一致。此外，在抵达加沙后，许多器械需要从船上卸下，，穿越重重阻碍后再重新组装，这也是困难的。

Plutarch, while writing about Alexander's correspondence, reveals an occasion when Hephaestion was away on business and Alexander wrote to him. The subject matter suggests that this took place while they were in Egypt. What business Hephaestion was attending to we do not know, but Andrew Chugg has suggested that it was concerned either with his command of the fleet or Athenian diplomacy. He quotes sources which suggest that Hephaestion had been approached by Aristion of Athens to effect a reconciliation between Alexander and Demosthenes and, certainly, Athens' inaction during the revolt of the Spartan king Agis would seem to support this idea. As Chugg says, "If he did persuade Alexander to reach an accommodation with Demosthenes at this critical juncture, as would seem likely from the circumstances, then he was significantly responsible for saving the situation for Macedon in Greece by preventing the revolt of Agis spreading to Athens and her allies."

在普鲁塔克（注：希腊历史家）写给亚历山大的信件中，有一次提到过亚历山大给他的回信中表明赫菲斯蒂安另有任务。这件事情主要发生在埃及境内。我们不知道赫菲斯提安的任务是什么，但安德鲁·查格认为这和他对舰队的指挥以及对雅典的外交有关。他引用了一些消息，证明赫菲斯提安曾与雅典贵族接触，雅典贵族试图促成亚历山大和德摩斯梯尼（古代希腊的雄辩家）的和解，此外，在斯巴达国王阿吉斯叛乱中的不作为似乎也表明了这一观点。正如查格所言“如果赫菲斯提安能够劝服亚历山大在这个关键时刻和德摩斯梯尼和解，那么在当时的局势中，他就肩负了挽救马其顿王国在希腊的危险局势——阻止阿吉斯的叛乱蔓延到雅典及其他盟友——的责任。”

It is likely, though not certain, that it was Hephaestion who led the advance army from Egypt to bridge the Euphrates river. Darius of Persia sent Mazaeus to hold the opposite bank while the bridging work was in progress. This Mazaeus was the commander who threw away what looked like certain victory on the Persian right at the battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) and later became Alexander's governor of Babylon. Robin Lane Fox has suggested that a conversation with Hephaestion may have won Mazaeus over: "It is conceivable that the battle of Gaugamela was partly won on the banks of the Euphrates and that Mazaeus' reinstatement was less a sign of magnanimity than of a prearranged reward."

尽管还不确定，但可能性很大，是赫菲斯提安从埃及率领先遣部队进入幼发拉底河流域。波斯王大流士派遣玛扎乌斯前往对岸修建桥梁。玛扎乌斯是一位指挥官，在公元前331年的卡塔米埃拉战役中，他将波斯即将得到的胜利拱手相让，后来他成为亚历山大的巴比伦总督。罗宾·莱恩·福克斯认为赫菲斯蒂安在谈话中赢得了玛扎乌斯的支持：“可以想象，卡塔米埃拉战役一定程度上赢得了幼发拉底河两岸胜利，而对于玛扎乌斯的官复原职与其说是一种宽宏大量的表现，不如说是一种预先约定的奖励。”

It is at Gaugamela that mention is first made of Hephaestion's rank. He is called the "... commander of the bodyguards (somatophylakes)." This is not the Royal Squadron, whose duties also included guarding the king in battle and which was at that time commanded by Cleitus—a man of the older generation—but a small group of close companions specifically designated to fight alongside the king. Hephaestion was certainly in the thick of things with Alexander for Arrian tells us he was wounded and Curtius specifically mentions that it was a spear wound in the arm.

在卡塔米埃拉战役中第一次提到了赫菲斯提安的军衔。他被称为：“……近卫统领（近身护卫官）。”这不是指职责还包括在战争中保护国王的皇室骑兵中队，，当时的骑兵中队统率是更为年长的克雷塔斯，而近身护卫官则是一小队由国王特别指定关系亲密的伙伴组成的、和国王并肩作战的人。赫菲斯蒂安在战乱中为了保护亚历山大受过伤，阿里安和库尔修斯都提到过那是一个伤在手臂的枪伤。

After Gaugamela there is the first indication that Alexander intended reconciliation with the Persians and that Hephaestion supported him in this unpopular policy. One evening in Babylon Alexander noticed a high-born woman obliged to dance as part of the entertainment. Curtius explains: "The following day, he (Alexander) instructed Hephaestion to have all the prisoners brought to the royal quarters and there he verified the lineage of each of them." Alexander had realized that people from noble families were being treated with little dignity and wanted to do something about it. That he chose Hephaestion to help him shows that he could rely on Hephaestion's tact and sympathy. Yet Alexander could also rely on Hephaestion for firmness and resolve. When his policies had led to a plot against his life, the possible involvement of a senior officer, Philotas, caused much concern. It was Hephaestion, along with Craterus and Coenus, who insisted on, and actually carried out, the customary torture.

在卡塔米埃拉战役后，亚历山大首次出现和波斯人和解的倾向，只有赫菲斯蒂安支持这个不讨好的政策。在巴比伦的一个夜晚，亚历山大注意到有一个出身高贵的女人必须为他们跳舞取乐。库尔修斯解释道：“第二天，他（亚历山大）要求赫菲斯蒂安将所有俘虏带到宫廷中，并一一查验了他们每个人的身份和血统。”亚历山大意识到，这些贵族受到了不公正的待遇并且想改变这件事。他选择赫菲斯蒂安帮助他，因为他信任并依赖赫菲斯蒂安的机智和同理心。当然，赫菲斯蒂安的坚定不移也是亚历山大所倚仗的。亚历山大的决策引发了一场针对他的刺杀，一名高级军官菲洛塔斯也被卷入此事。赫菲斯蒂安、克拉特鲁斯和科纳斯坚持按照惯例实施惩罚。

After the execution of Philotas (330 BC), Hephaestion was appointed joint commander—with Cleitus—of the Companion cavalry, Philotas' former position. This dual appointment was a way of satisfying two divergent shades of opinion now hardening throughout the army: one, like Hephaestion, broadly supportive of Alexander's policy of integration, and the other, that of Philip's older veterans in particular, whose implacable resentment of Persian ways was well represented by Cleitus. The cavalry prospered under this command, showing itself equal to learning new tactics necessary against Scythian nomads and to counter-insurgency measures such as those deployed in the spring of 328 BC. The army set out from Balkh in five columns to spread through the valleys between the Oxus and Tanais[dubious – discuss] rivers to pacify Sogdiana. Hephaestion commanded one of the columns and, after arriving at Marakanda, he set out again to establish settlements in the region.

公元前330年，菲洛塔斯被处死后，赫菲斯蒂安被任命为联合指挥官——和克雷塔斯一起——代替了菲洛塔斯之前的职位。这种双重任命是一种满足军中两种不同观点的方式：一种是像赫菲斯蒂安一样，坚定不移的支持亚历山大一体化（注：指波斯人和马其顿人的融合）政策；另一种是追随过前王菲利普的旧部，他们怨恨并无情的对待波斯人，像克雷塔斯那样的。骑兵团在这种带领下取得了胜利，展示了他们的能力，表明他们也可以平等的学习新战术来对抗塞西亚的游牧民族和镇压叛乱，比如公元前328年春天部署的战役。军队从大夏（Balkh）出发，在奥克斯和塔纳斯之间的山谷中扩展为五列纵队[此处存疑]，渡河平定索格底亚那。赫菲斯蒂安率领一列纵队到达马拉坎达后，又马上着手建立居住点。

In spring 327 BC the army headed into India and Alexander divided his forces. He led his section north into the Swat Valley, while Hephaestion and Perdiccas took a sizeable contingent through the Khyber Pass. Hephaestion's orders were to "... take over either by force or agreement all places on their march and upon reaching the Indus to make suitable preparations for crossing." They were in unknown territory, whose political and geographical landscapes were unfamiliar, and Hephaestion would have had to make decisions on the spot and act accordingly. He reached the Indus with the land behind him conquered, including the successful siege of Peuceolatis, which took thirty days, and proceeded to organize the construction of boats for the crossing.

公元前327年春，军队进入印度后兵分两路。亚历山大率兵往北进入斯瓦特山谷，而赫菲斯蒂安和佩尔狄卡斯率领大半军队穿过开伯尔山口。赫菲斯蒂安的命令是：“……沿途所有地方通过武力占领或者协议同盟，沿途做好到达印度河后跨越边境的准备。”在陌生的地域环境中，政治和地理都是不熟悉的，赫菲斯蒂安必须及时应对各种不良遭遇。当他到达印度河畔时，所过之境皆为臣属，包括围攻Peuceolatis（注：只在该词条有该词，应为地名），军队花费了三十天，组织并建造过河的渡船。

Alexander often had to divide his forces and command was given to a variety of senior officers on different occasions. For example, a few weeks before this mission of Hephaestion's, Craterus had been sent with a large force to subdue the last two remaining Bactrian rebels. It seems that Hephaestion was chosen when the objectives were far from clear-cut, and Alexander needed a commander on whom he could rely to do what he would have done himself without needing instructions.

亚历山大经常在不同的战争中将军队和指挥权分配到不同的高级军官手中。举个例子，在赫菲斯蒂安的任务前几周，克拉特鲁斯受命率领一支大军镇压最后两处大夏叛乱。在一切形势尚不明确的时候，赫菲斯蒂安选择了他，亚历山大需要赫菲斯蒂安这样一个可以依靠又不需要自己事事指示的指挥官。

Hephaestion took part in a notable cavalry charge at the battle of the Hydaspes river (326 BC). Then when the army began its homeward journey he was again entrusted with half the army, including the elite troops and two hundred elephants, as they travelled south-west along the banks of the Hydaspes. Some of the army, including Alexander himself, travelled in boats which had been provided by the sponsorship of leading courtiers. Arrian lists Hephaestion first among these "honorary trierarchs", indicating his leading position at this time. On entering hostile territory Alexander split his forces into three. Hephaestion's section marched "... five days in advance, with the object of intercepting and capturing any native troops which ... might be rapidly moving forward". Again, Hephaestion was called upon when initiative was required. After Alexander had taken a detour to subdue a hostile tribe, in which he was seriously injured, Hephaestion took command of the greater part of the army as they travelled down the Indus to the sea. At the coast he organized the construction of a fortress and a harbour for the fleet at Pattala.

在公元前326年的希达斯皮斯河战役中，赫菲斯蒂安带领骑兵进行了一次著名的冲锋。在军队回程的路上，赫菲斯蒂安又率命带领一半军队：包括精锐部队和二百头大象，沿着希达斯皮斯河岸西南而行。包括亚历山大本人在内的一些军队乘坐的渡船是由主要朝臣赞助的。阿里安列举了赫菲斯蒂安在这些“荣耀司令官”（注：雅典三层桨座战船的修造人或司令官）中的表率作用以及领先地位。在进入敌对地域时，亚历山大将军队分为了三个部分。赫菲斯蒂安率领一队前行：“……提前五天前进，为大部队拦截散兵和押送俘虏……尽可能迅速地前行。”又一次，赫菲斯蒂安被赋予了主动行动的权利。当亚历山大绕过一个敌对部落时，却因此受了重伤，随后赫菲斯蒂安在从印度河航行到海域的行军中承担了大部分军队的指挥权。在海边，赫菲斯蒂安组织建造了一个要塞和组建了一支前往帕蒂亚拉港口的舰队。

Hephaestion was in command at Pattala while Alexander advanced. When he rejoined Alexander at Rhambacia he established a city there also. Hephaestion crossed the Gedrosian desert with Alexander, sharing the torments of that journey and, when the army was safely back in Susa, he was decorated for bravery. He was to take part in no further fighting; he had only months to live. But, having ended his military career as Alexander's de facto second-in-command, he was also his second in the political sphere. Alexander had made that official by naming him Chiliarch. Photius mentions Perdiccas being appointed "... to command the chiliarchy which Hephaestion had originally held."

当赫菲斯蒂安在帕蒂亚拉指挥时，亚历山大带兵继续前进。当他们在罗比西亚（Rhambacia）会师时，赫菲斯蒂安已经在那里建造了一座城市。赫菲斯蒂安和亚历山大一起越过了格德罗斯沙漠，他们共享了那段痛苦的旅程，当军队平安到达苏萨后，赫菲斯蒂安因为勇敢被表彰。随后他再也没有参与过之后的战役；几个月后赫菲斯蒂安就回归了哈迪斯的怀抱。事实上，作为亚历山大的副将结束了军事生涯之后，他成为了亚历山大政治领域的二把手。亚历山大任命他为千夫长（Chiliarch）。佛提乌斯（注：写亚历山大大事记的人，仅存残篇。）提到佩尔狄卡斯被任命为“……担任赫菲斯蒂安最初担任的千夫长。