实用英语语法：时态，非谓语动词，现在分词1

时态

两个维度：时间和观点（也叫动体，即动作的进行方式）

一共16个时态：一个时间与一个观点的配合就是一个时态

1. 9个基本时态：

2. 跨时间的时态

过去将来

3. 跨时间且包含观点的时态

过去将来完成时

过去将来进行时

4. 包含两个观点的时态——两个观点必须是完成和进行

现在完成进行时

过去完成进行时

将来完成进行时

5. 跨时间且包含两个观点的时态

过去将来完成进行时

动词的分类

4个类别：实义动词、助动词、系动词、情态动词

非谓语动词

4个类别：不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词

现在分词

动词-ing形式作动名词时，具有名词性质；作现在分词时，具有形容词、副词性质

现在分词的功能：

1. 作表语

表情绪，主语是事物：

His experience in the tropical forest was exciting.

The gift Isaac sent me was surprising.

His love to his wife and family is touching.

2. 作补语

与宾语构成复合宾语。

Do you smell something burning?

I heard her arguing with her mother-in-law just now.

I found him standing still in the rain.

3. 作定语

表情绪，前置。

Prof. Zhang can bring the boring content to a brilliant experience, so we all like his class.

Please give me a most convincing excuse.

He had a fritening dream last night.

分词与名词可以构成事物名词，注意与动名词相区别。如果被修饰的名词是-ing形式是逻辑上的主谓关系，则是现在分词；没有则是动名词。

swimming girl（girl is swimming，现在分词）

swimming pool（pool is not swimming，动名词）

sleeping beauty（beauty is sleeping，现在分词）

sleeping bag（bag is not sleeping，动名词）

现在分词短语，后置，等同于定语从句。

Please turn down the radio. There is a child sleeping in the bedroom.

The dog running towards me is named Billy.

Can you tell me the exact number of guests coming to our home?

4. 作状语

置于句首或句尾，表时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、伴随、让步等

（1）时间状语

Crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.

Having received his letter, I decided to write back.

Hearing the teacher’s voice, the boy quickly pretended to be reading.

待续