【简译】镰仓时代（Kamakura Period)

上一时代：

The Kamakura Period or Kamakura Jidai (1185-1333 CE) of medieval Japan began when Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199 CE) defeated the Taira clan at the Battle of Dannoura in 1185 CE. The period is named after Kamakura, a coastal town 48 kilometres (30 miles) southwest of Tokyo which was used as the Minamoto clan's base. Yoritomo would establish himself as shogun or military dictator of Japan from 1192 CE, thus offering the first alternative to the power of the emperor and imperial court. The Kamakura period saw lasting developments in government, agriculture, and religion and managed to withstand the Mongol invasions of the late 13th century CE. The period came to an end with the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate in 1333 CE when a new clan took over as shoguns of Japan: the Ashikaga.

          镰仓时代（公元1185-1333年）始于源赖朝（公元1147-1199年）在公元1185年坛之浦之战中击败平氏家族。这一时期以东京西南48公里（30英里）的沿海城镇镰仓命名，镰仓是源氏家族的基地。从公元1192年起，源赖朝成为日本的幕府将军（或军事独裁者），从而为天皇和朝廷的权力平衡提供了第一个替代方案。镰仓时期在政府、农业和宗教方面取得了持久的发展，并成功抵御了公元13世纪末蒙古人的入侵。这一时期随着公元1333年镰仓幕府的倒台而结束，当时一个新的氏族接管了日本的幕府：足利尊氏（室町幕府，也称足利幕府）。

源赖朝与平氏家族

During the preceding Heian period (794-1185 CE), the court of the Japanese emperor was still important and still considered divine but it had become sidelined by powerful bureaucrats who all came from one family: the Fujiwara clan. Towards the end of the period, another two important groups evolved in Japanese politics, the Minamoto (aka Genji) and Taira (aka Heike) clans whose members were often minor relations of the emperors. With their own private armies of samurai, both clans became important instruments in the hands of rival members of the Fujiwara clan's internal power struggle which broke out in the 1156 CE Hogen Disturbance and the 1160 CE Heiji Disturbance. The Taira, led by Taira no Kiyomori, eventually swept away all rivals and dominated the Japanese government for two decades. However, in the Genpei War (1180-1185), the Minamoto returned victorious, and at the war's finale, the Battle of Dannoura, the Taira leader, Tomamori, and the young emperor Antoku committed suicide. The Minamoto clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo was left the most powerful military leader in Japan.

          在之前的平安时代（公元794-1185年），日本天皇的宫廷很重要，仍然被认为是神圣的，但它已经被强大的官僚所排挤，他们都来自一个家族：藤原氏。在这一时期的末期，日本政治中又出现了两个重要的团体，即源氏（又称aka Genji）和平氏（又称aka Heike），他们的成员往往是天皇的次要亲属。这两个氏族拥有自己的私人武士军队，成为藤原氏族内部权力斗争中的重要工具，在公元1156年保元之乱和公元1160年平治之乱中发挥了重要作用。由平清盛领导的平氏家族最终扫除了所有的对手，并在二十年内主宰了日本政府。然而，在源平合战（1180-1185年）中，源氏胜利归来，在战争的压轴戏坛之浦之战中，平氏领袖之一平知盛和年幼的安德天皇自杀了。源氏族领袖源赖朝成为日本最强大的军事领袖。

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1123-1160 CE) and the grandson of Minamoto no Tameyoshi (1096-1156 CE), both influential Minamoto clan members with the latter being the head of the clan in the mid-12th century CE. Having defeated all rivals and dispatched his younger brother Minamoto no Noriyori and other key members of his own family, Yoritomo stood alone at the head of the Minamoto clan.

          源赖朝是源义朝（公元1123-1160年）的儿子和源为义（公元1096-1156年）的孙子，两人都是有影响力的源氏家族成员，后者在公元12世纪中期是该家族的首领。在击败了所有的对手，并遣散了他的弟弟源范赖和他自己家族的其他主要成员之后，源赖朝独自站在了源氏家族的首领位置上。

镰仓幕府

Minamoto no Yoritomo made himself the first shogun, in effect military dictator, of Japan, a position he would hold from 1192 CE to 1199 CE. He would, therefore, be the first shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate (1192-1333 CE). The position of shogun was the first to offer an alternative system of government to that of the Japanese imperial court. The title of shogun or 'military protector' had been used before (seii tai shogun) but had only been a temporary title for military commanders on campaign against the Ezo/Emishi (Ainu) in the north of Japan. Yoritomo was able to hold the title with its new wider meaning thanks to his agreement with the young Emperor Go-Toba (r. 1183-1198 CE) who bestowed it in return for Yoritomo's military protection. Technically, the emperor was above the shogun, but in practice, it was the reverse as whoever had control of the army also controlled the state. The emperors did maintain a ceremonial function, and their endorsement was still sought by shoguns to give a veneer of legitimacy to their own rule.

          源赖朝是日本的第一位将军，实际上是军事独裁者，他在公元1192年至1199年担任这一职务。因此，他是镰仓幕府（公元1192-1333年）的第一位将军。大将军职位是第一个为日本朝廷提供另一种政府系统的职位。大将军或“军事保护者”的头衔以前也曾使用过（seii tai shogun），但只是对日本北部的虾夷/阿伊努人（Ezo/Emishi）作战时的军事指挥官的一个临时头衔。源赖朝与年轻的后鸟羽天皇（公元1183-1198年）达成协议，得以拥有这个具有更广泛意义的头衔，而天皇授予这个头衔是为了回报源赖朝的军事保护。从理论上讲，天皇的地位高于幕府将军，但在实际中，情况恰恰相反，因为谁控制了军队，谁就控制了国家。天皇确实保持着礼法作用，而且幕府将军仍然寻求他们的认可，以便为自己的统治披上一层合法外衣。

After all he had done to establish himself as Japan's supremo, Minamoto no Yoritomo did not have very long to enjoy his position as he died in a riding accident in 1199 CE. He was succeeded by his eldest son Minamoto no Yorie (r. 1202-1203 CE), but only after a power struggle. When Yoritomo died, his wife, Hojo Masako (1157-1225 CE), and her father, Hojo Tokimasa, had decided to rule themselves, and so they created the position of shogunal regent and promoted the interests of the Hojo clan. In this arrangement, much copied throughout the Kamakura period, the regent shogun had the real power and the shogun was a mere puppet. Hojo Masako had retired to a convent when her husband had died, but her reinvolvement in politics earned her the nickname the 'nun shogun.' Ambitious, able, and ruthless, Masako was a formidable politician who let nothing stand in her way, not even her father whom she exiled when the pair fell out.

          在他为确立自己的日本霸主地位所做的一切之后，源赖朝并没有享受太久，因为他在公元1199年死于一场骑马事故。他的长子源赖家（公元1202-1203年）继承了他的位置，但只是在权力斗争之后。当源赖朝死后，他的妻子北条政子（公元1157-1225年）和她的父亲北条时政决定自己统治，因此他们设立了幕府摄政的职位，并促进了北条氏族的利益。在这种安排中，摄政将军拥有真正的权力，而幕府将军只是一个傀儡，这种安排在整个镰仓时期被大量复制。北条政子在丈夫去世后退居寺院，但她对政治的重新参与为她赢得了“尼姑将军”的绰号。北条政子雄心勃勃、能干、冷酷无情，是一个强大的政治家，她不会让任何东西挡住她的去路，甚至是她的父亲，当他们俩闹翻时，她把父亲流放了。

Minamoto no Sanetomo was the second son of Yoritomo and brother of Yorie, who became shogun in 1203 CE with his mother Hojo Masako and Hojo Tokimasa acting as his regents. Sanetomo's 16-year reign came to a brutal end with his assassination in 1219 CE at the hands of his own nephew Kugyo, the son of Minamoto no Yorie. When the assassin was himself assassinated, it left the Yoritomo line extinct, and all key government positions were subsequently held by Hojo family members.

          源实朝是源赖朝的次子，也是源赖家的弟弟，他于公元1203年成为将军，其母亲北条政子和北条时政担任其摄政。源实朝的16年统治随着他在公元1219年被自己的侄子、源赖家的儿子源善哉（公晓）刺杀而残酷结束。当刺客自己被刺杀后，源赖朝的血统就灭绝了，所有关键的政府职位随后都由北条家族成员担任。

Emperor Go-Toba took the opportunity to launch an attempted coup in 1221 CE - the so-called Jokyu Disturbance - which attempted to exploit the ill-feeling caused by the mysterious murder of the shogun. Lacking the military wherewithal to challenge Hojo Masako, the coup ultimately failed and ended in the then-retired emperor's exile to the distant Oki Islands. At least there he found the time and space to write his celebrated poems over the remaining 18 years of his life.

          后鸟羽天皇趁机在公元1221年发动了一次未遂政变（所谓的承久之乱），试图利用幕府将军的神秘谋杀所引起的不快。由于缺乏挑战北条政子的军事力量，政变最终失败，并以当时卸任的天皇被流放到遥远的隐岐群岛而告终。至少在那里，他找到了时间和空间，在他生命中剩下的18年里写下了他著名的诗歌。

There would then follow a long line of regent shoguns who ruled on behalf of minors or puppet shoguns. The last Kamakura shogun was Hojo Moritoki (1327-1333 CE). The power of the shoguns, although changing families several times, would last until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 CE. Japan had become wholly dominated by its warriors, a situation reflected in its literature. The period would produce much martial-themed histories and collections of short stories, the most famous work being The Tale of the Heike (Heike monogatari) which first appeared c. 1218 CE and tells of the struggle to establish the Kamakura shogunate.

          随后，出现了一长串的摄政将军，他们代表未成年人或傀儡将军进行统治。最后一位镰仓将军是北条守时（公元1327-1333年）。幕府将军的权力，尽管多次更换家族，但一直持续到公元1868年的明治维新。日本已经完全被其武士所支配，这种情况反映在其文学作品中。这一时期产生了许多以武术为主题的历史和短篇小说集，最著名的作品是《平家物语》（Heike monogatari），它首次出现在公元1218年左右，讲述了建立镰仓幕府的斗争过程。

镰仓政府

The shogunate government, also known as bakufu, which means 'tent government' in reference to its origins as a title held by a commander in the field, was based on the feudal relationship between lord and vassal. The former gave lands - confiscated from defeated warlords belonging to families rival to the shoguns - to the latter in return for military service. In the case of a shogun or lord having many estates he might give some of them to a steward (jito) - a position open to men and women - to manage and collect the local taxes with that official then entitled to fees and tenure. The role of steward was frequently given as a reward to loyal members of the shogunate. Many jito became powerful in their own right, and their descendants became daimyo or influential feudal landowners, while another layer of landowners was the military governors or constables (shugo) who had policing and administrative responsibilities in their particular province.

          幕府，也被称为bakufu，意思是“帐篷政府”，指的是其起源于战场上指挥官的头衔，是基于领主和附庸之间的封建关系。前者将土地（从属于幕府敌对家族的战败军阀那里没收的土地）交给后者，作为军事服务的回报。如果幕府将军或领主拥有许多地产，他可能会将其中一些地产交给管家（jito）（一个对男性和女性都开放的职位）来管理和收取当地的税收，然后该官员有权获得费用和使用权。管家的角色经常被作为奖励给幕府的忠诚成员。许多管家自己成为有权势的人，他们的后代成为大名或有影响力的封建地主，而另一层地主是军事总督或守护（shugo），他们在其特定的省份负有治安和行政责任。

Quite early on it became obvious that the shogun or regent shogun had rather too much on his plate to govern the whole country without any well-defined state apparatus. Accordingly, in 1184 CE the Kumonjo or Public Documents Office was established. This was then renamed and widened in function as the Mandokoro (Administrative Board) in 1191 CE as it became the main administration centre. Later still, it would be given charge of the state treasury. In 1184 CE the Monchujo was set up which looked after all legal matters. A new position, a vice-regent to the shogun (rensho) was created in 1225 CE. In the same year, the Council of State was formed, the Hyojoshu, which had as its members the top officials, warriors, and scholars of the moment. In 1232 CE a new law code was established, the Joei Code (Joei shikimoku), which had 51 articles and established who owned what land, defined the relationship between lords, vassals, and samurai, limited the role of the emperor, and established the taking of legal decisions based on precedence. Finally, in 1249 CE a High Court, the Hikitsukeshu was formed which was especially concerned with any disputes related to land and taxes.

          很早以前，幕府将军或摄政将军的任务就很明显了，在没有任何明确的国家机构的情况下，他要治理整个国家，所以任务太多。因此，在公元1184年成立了公文院（公共文件办公处）。公元1191年，它被重新命名为Mandokoro（行政委员会），并扩大了职能，因为它成为主要的行政中心。后来，它还被赋予了管理国家财政的职能。公元1184年，文中院（法院）成立，负责处理所有法律事务。公元1225年，设立了一个新的职位，即幕府将军的助手（rensho）。同年，评定所（Hyojoshu）成立，其成员包括当时的高级官员、武士和学者。公元1232年，制定了一部新的法典，即《御成败式目》（Joei shikimoku），该法典有51条，规定了谁拥有什么土地，界定了领主、附庸和武士之间的关系，限制了天皇的作用，并规定了基于优先权的法律裁决。最后，在公元1249年成立了一个高等法院（Hikitsuke），即Hikitsukeshu（引付众调整员），特别关注与土地和税收有关的任何争端。

镰     仓

Kamakura, the coastal town located on Sagami Bay which gave its name to the period, is 48 kilometres from what would become Tokyo (Edo). It was the base of the Minamoto clan, and it became the capital after Minamoto no Yoritomo sought to distance himself from the former capital at Heiankyo (Kyoto) and any civil servants and officials that might continue to entertain loyalties to the previous regime. The imperial court remained at Heiankyo where titles were dispensed, certain taxes collected, and civilian judicial disputes were settled.

          镰仓是位于相模湾的沿海城市，它的名字来自于这一时期，距离后来的东京（江户）有48公里远。它是源氏家族的基地，在源赖朝寻求与前首都平安京（京都）以及任何可能继续效忠于前政权的官员保持距离后，它成为首都。朝廷仍然留在平安京，在那里发放爵位，征收某些税款，并解决民事司法纠纷。

Kamakura, protected on three sides by mountains and the sea on the fourth side, was a perfect choice for a military-minded leader. Extra protection was provided by earth fortification walls and two wooden castles: Sugimoto and Sumiyoshi. These defences would come in handy when the city was under siege in 1333 CE at the end of the Kamakura period. The fortifications did their job, but the army of Nitta Yoshisada (l. 1301-1337 CE) circumvented them by going around a cape at low tide and attacking the city from the beach. The city went into decline after the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate, but the 1252 CE Kotokuin Temple continues to pull in visitors thanks to its massive bronze statue of Amida Buddha which is 11.3 metres tall (or 37 ft), excluding the high stone base.

          镰仓三面环山，四面临海，是一个具有军事头脑的领导人的完美选择。额外的保护由土墙和两座木制城堡提供：Sugimoto和Sumiyoshi。这些防御措施在镰仓时代结束时，即公元1333年城市被围困时派上了用场。这些防御工事发挥了它们的作用，但新田义贞（1301-1337 CE）的军队在退潮时绕过海角，从海滩上攻击城市，从而绕过了这些防御工事。镰仓幕府倒台后，这座城市开始衰落，但公元1252年的高德院仍然吸引着游客，这里有巨大的阿弥陀佛铜像，高11.3米（或37英尺），不包括高大的石头底座。

经     济

The Kamakura period was generally a good one for the Japanese economy, with trade continuing with China, where gold, mercury, fans, swords, timber, and lacquerware were exchanged for Chinese silk, brocades, perfumes, porcelain, tea, and copper coinage. Coinage was used more frequently, as were bills of credit, sometimes with the unfortunate consequence that people, especially samurai, got into bad debts as they spent beyond their means.

          镰仓时期对日本经济来说是个好时期，与中国的贸易继续进行，黄金、水银、扇子、剑、木材和漆器被用来交换中国的丝绸、锦缎、香水、瓷器、茶叶和铸币金属。货币的使用更加频繁，信用证也是如此，有时会出现不幸的后果，人们，特别是武士，由于消费超出了他们的赚钱能力，而陷入了坏账。

The Kamakura shoguns implemented several land reforms, notably making better use of previously neglected agricultural lands. Technological developments also helped, such as the introduction of a hardier strain of rice from China at the end of the 12th century CE, the widespread use of double-cropping and fertilizers (compost, manure, and ash), and better tools made of better iron than previously. Less land was left fallow because of inheritance disputes when a male relative was lacking. Women were able to own estates in their own right as they continued to be allowed to head families if there was no suitable male relative for the position. Women could inherit and keep their own property no matter what happened to their male relatives or husband.

          镰仓幕府实施了几项土地改革，特别是更好地利用了以前被忽视的农业用地。技术发展也起到了作用，例如在公元12世纪末从中国引进了更耐寒的水稻品种，广泛使用双季稻和肥料（堆肥、粪肥和草木灰），以及用比以前更好的铁制造的工具。在缺少男性亲属的情况下，由于继承纠纷而导致的土地休耕现象减少。妇女能够拥有自己的财产，因为如果没有合适的男性亲属，她们可以继续被允许担任户主。无论她们的男性亲属或丈夫发生什么事，妇女都可以继承和保留自己的财产。

Meanwhile, in urban settings, trade guilds (za) were established, initially for craftspeople and traders to secure the patronage of a monastery or local lord. Formed by anywhere from 10 to 100 workers or companies, the guilds had the effect of increasing specialization and improving standards. Villages began to grow in size as the road networks improved, a development helped by the fact there were, in effect, two capitals (Kamakura and Heiankyo). The result of the peace and prosperity the country enjoyed was a boom in Japan's population from the start to the end of the Kamakura period: around 7 million to 8.2 million.

          同时，在城市环境中，贸易行会（za）建立起来，最初是为手工业者和商人建立的，以确保寺院或当地领主的赞助。行会由10至100名工人或投资者组成，起到了提高专业化程度和改善标准的作用。随着道路网络的改善，村庄的规模开始扩大，这一发展由于实际上的两个首都（镰仓和平安京）而得到帮助。国家享受和平与繁荣的结果是，从镰仓时代开始到结束，日本人口激增：约700万到820万。

宗教信仰

It was during the Kamakura period that two significant new sects of Zen Buddhism were developed: the Jodo Sect (aka Pure Land), founded c. 1175 CE by the priest Honen (1133-1212 CE), and the Jodo Shin Sect (aka True Pure Land), founded in 1224 CE by Shinran (1173-1263 CE), the pupil of Honen. Both sects simplified the religion and stressed that simply chanting the Buddha's name (nembutsu) - multiple times for Jodo and a single sincere invocation in the case of Jodo Shin - would permit the person to be reborn in the Amida Buddha's Pure Land paradise. In addition, this enlightenment and advancement to heaven was open to all regardless of their social status.

          正是在镰仓时期，禅宗的两个重要的新宗派得到了发展：净土宗（aka Pure Land），约在公元1175年由法师法然（公元1133-1212年）创立；净土真宗（aka True Pure Land），在公元1224年由法然的学生亲鸾（公元1173-1263年）创立。这两个教派都简化了宗教，并强调只要念佛（nembutsu）（在净土宗是多次念佛，在净土真宗是一次真诚的祈祷）就能让人往生到阿弥陀佛的净土世界。此外，这种开悟和升天对所有人都开放，无论其社会地位如何。

The most important Zen monastery was the Kencho-ji in Kamakura, built by the regent Hoji Tokiyori (l. 1227-1263 CE) in 1253 CE. Zen principles of austerity and restraint became very popular with samurai, and its attention to wabi - the aesthetic principle of beauty, simplicity, and withdrawal from the bustle of life - made the Japanese Tea Ceremony a common aristocratic pastime. The austerity of Zen would also influence Japanese ink painting and calligraphy in the Kamakura period while painting, especially portraiture, became more realistic. Shinto continued to be as important as it was in previous periods, with Kamakura notably receiving the Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine.

          最重要的禅宗寺院是镰仓的建长寺，由摄政王北条时赖（1227-1263 CE）在公元1253年建造。禅宗紧缩和克制的原则在武士中很受欢迎，它对侘寂的关注（美丽、简单和远离生活喧嚣的美学原则）使日本茶道成为贵族的常见消遣方式。禅宗的紧缩性也会影响到镰仓时期的日本水墨画和书法，而绘画，尤其是肖像画，变得更加现实。神道仍然和以前一样重要，镰仓还特别劝请了鹤冈八幡宫（公元1180年进入镰仓的幕府将军源赖朝将其移请至现址）。

蒙古人的入侵

The Kamakura period saw one of the greatest threat to Japan's existence, the two Mongol invasions of Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281 CE. Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE) had sent a letter to the Japanese government warning of this consequence if they did not pay tribute, but both the shogun and emperor ignored the demand. Fortunately for Japan, when the two invasion fleets each met a typhoon and disaster (but not before the second had landed on the beaches of Kyushu), the winds that either sunk or blew the Mongol ships safely away from Japanese shores were given the name kamikaze or 'divine winds.' It seems that the Mongol ships were not particularly well-built either and so proved much less seaworthy than they should have been. The period of high suspense between the two invasions, and indeed the expectation of a third attack, did harm the country as an army had to be kept in constant readiness and payment to soldiers became a serious problem for the government leading to widespread discontent. The agricultural sector was also severely disrupted by the defence preparations. Rivals to the Hojo clan now had their best opportunity to challenge the political status quo.

          镰仓时期，日本生存受到了最大的威胁之一，即公元1274年和1281年忽必烈的两次入侵。忽必烈汗（1260-1294 CE）曾致函日本政府，警告他们如果不进贡会有严重的后果，但幕府将军和天皇都没有理会这一要求。对日本来说，幸运的是，当两支入侵舰队各自遇到台风和灾难时（但在第二支舰队在九州海滩登陆之前），将蒙古船只击沉或吹离日本海岸的风被命名为神风（divine winds）。两次入侵之间的紧张间歇期，以及对第三次进攻的应对，确实对国家造成了影响，因为军队必须保持持续的战备状态，对士兵的薪资成为政府的一个严重问题，导致了广泛的不满情绪。农业部门也因国防准备工作而受到严重干扰。北条氏族的竞争对手现在有了挑战政治现状的最好机会。

衰落与室町幕府

The disaffection caused by the necessity to keep Japan on a war footing was exploited by Emperor Go-Daigo (r. 1318-1339 CE) who sought to return to the good old days of the emperors before Minamoto no Yoritomo had started the shoguns. The emperor made two attempts to grab power, one in 1324 CE and another in 1331 CE. Neither was successful, and he was exiled for his troubles. Then came what has become known as the Kenmu Restoration, which lasted from 1333 to 1336 CE. Go-Daigo returned from exile and tried to enlist the aid of warlords disgruntled with the Kamakura Shogunate. The emperor found a willing ally in the traitorous army commander Ashikaga Takauji, actually sent by the Kamakura Shogunate to deal with Go-Daigo. Takauji attacked Heiankyo while another rebel warlord, Nitta Yoshisada, attacked Kamakura. Victorious, Takauji wanted to be the new shogun but Go-Daigo refused to give him this title because he did not want to return to a position of subservience. Takauji defeated Go-Daigo's chief ally Yoshisada in battle and captured Heiankyo in 1336 CE; the former emperor was exiled for a second time (although he then established his own court at Yoshino). Ashikaga Takauji found himself a more compliant emperor, Komyo, to act as the state's figurehead and became shogun in 1338 CE, thus inaugurating the Ashikaga Shogunate (aka Muromachi Shogunate, 1338-1573 CE). He would hold the position for the next 20 years, and this new chapter in Japan's history would become known as the Muromachi Period (1333-1573 CE).

          日本长期处于战争状态引起的各种不满被后醍醐天皇（1318-1339 CE）所利用，他试图回到源赖朝创立幕府之前天皇的好时代。后醍醐天皇曾两次试图夺取权力，一次是在公元1324年，另一次是在公元1331年。两次都没有成功，他也因为夺权失败而被流放。之后，被称为“建武新政”的事件发生了，它从公元1333年持续到1336年。后醍醐从流放地返回，试图争取对镰仓幕府不满的军阀的援助。天皇在叛国的军队指挥官足利尊氏身上找到了一个心甘情愿的盟友，他实际上是由镰仓幕府派来对付后醍醐天皇的。足利尊氏攻击了平安京，而另一个叛军军阀新田义贞则攻击了镰仓。胜利后的足利尊氏想成为新的幕府将军，但后醍醐天皇拒绝给他这个头衔，因为他不想再回到屈从的地位。足利尊氏在战斗中击败了后醍醐天皇的主要盟友新田义贞，并在公元1336年占领了平安京；前天皇第二次被流放（尽管他后来在吉野建立了自己的宫廷）。足利尊氏为自己找到了一个更顺从的光明天皇，作为国家的形象代言人，并在公元1338年成为幕府将军，从而开启了室町幕府（又称足利幕府，公元1338-1573年）。他在接下来的20年里担任这一职务，这一新时代被称为室町时代（公元1333-1573年）。

参考书目：

Beasley, W.G. The Japanese Experience. Phoenix Press, 2019.

Deal, W.E. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press, 2007.

Ebrey, P.B. Pre-Modern East Asia. Cengage Learning, 2013.

Henshall, K. Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press, 2013.

Huffman, J.L. Japan in World History. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Mason, R.H.P. A History of Japan. Tuttle Publishing, 1997.

Sansom, G. A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press, 1958.

Tsuda, N. A History of Japanese Art. Tuttle Publishing, 2009.

Turnbull, S. Japanese Castles AD 250-1540. Osprey Publishing, 2008.

Yamamura, K. (ed). The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

          驻意大利的历史作家。他的主要兴趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神话和发现所有文明的共同思想。他拥有政治哲学硕士学位，是《世界历史百科全书》的出版总监。

原文网址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Kamakura_Period/