语法王:考研/雅思句子分析(2023年6月26日)
Studies of the teeth of Natufians also strongly suggest that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them, but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.
这个句子的难点在于对并列连词所并列成分的分析,尤其是and in the process of domesticating them这部分。
连词分为两种:并列连词和从属连词。从属连词的使用方式比较简单,从属连词+句子构成状语从句,用来修饰整个句子,给整个句子添加信息。并列连词用来并列前后两个或者多个相同词性、相同等级、相同句子成分的结构。关于并列连词,我前面讲过很多遍了,我再强调一遍,并列连词是用来并列的,不是用来连接的,并列、并列、并列,只要遇到并列连词,你的思维定势就是去思考和分析它并列的是什么,并列的是什么,并列的是什么。
第一个and不难分析,并列的前后两个谓语部分,specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them,第二个and并列的成分非常不好分析,and in the process of domesticating them,and后面这个介词词是和前面的什么成分进行并列呢?这个地方第一反应肯定是往前找一个可以和它并列的介词词组,但是,前面没有可以和它相并列的介词词组,in collecting cereals ,这个不是介词词组,这是不及物动词specialized +介词in+宾语 collecting cereals,而且,它们在语义上也并列不起来,而且,它们之间相隔了太多东西。
(that)these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them,我们把that后面这个宾语从句单独摘出来看一下,第一个and并列的是specialized in collecting cereals和may have been cultivating them,这是并列的句子除了主语之外的谓语部分,而and后面的in the process of domesticating them前面其实是省略了和前面相同的may have been,也就是:
may have been cultivating them and (may have been) in the process of domesticating them
这里and并列的是may have been cultivating them和(may have been) in the process of domesticating them,也就是说,第二个and并列的也是前后两个谓语部分,前面部分是may have been cultivating them(及物动词+宾语),后面部分是may have been in the process of domesticating them(系动词+表语),只不过前后两个谓语有重复的may have been,所以省略了。这个情况很特殊,非常不好分析。
也就是说,这个that宾语从句其实是一个主语,三个谓语部分,分别是:
these people specialized in collecting cereals
and (these people) may have been cultivating them
and (these people may have been) in the process of domesticating them
所以,but前面部分的句子分析可以是这样的:
Studies of the teeth of Natufians (主语,名词词组)also strongly suggest (动词部分,单宾语及物动词)that(that引导的宾语从句,名词性从句) these people(主语) specialized(宾从动词1,不及物动词) in(介词) collecting cereals(宾语,-ing分词词组) and(并列连词,并列前后两个谓语部分) may have been cultivating(宾从动词2) them(宾语) and(并列连词,并列前后两个谓语部分) in the process of domesticating them(介词词组,做表语)
另外,may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them,这部分的翻译,对于有些同学来说,也不容易。我们需要清晰地意识到:作者在写这部分内容的时候,肯定是多一个单词也不行,少一个单词也不行的,每一个单词都有每一个单词的用途,你在阅读和理解的时候,能够体会到这些吗,作者所要表达的内容,你能get到多少?
may(可能) have(已经,助动词表示完成) been(在,助动词,表示进行) cultivating them and(并) in(处于...之中,介词) the process of domesticating them(驯化它们的过程)
所以,这部分的翻译可以是:可能已经在种植它们并处于驯化它们的过程中。
然后分析,but后面部分:
这里的but也是并列连词,这个并列连词前后并列的部分也不好分析,也算是比较难,但是,没有前面那个and那么难。这里的but并列的是前后两个句子,因为后面很明显是个句子,关键是去看和前面哪个句子并列,从语义上去推敲就会发现,这里but并列的就是 that后面的这两个句子,因为but后面的内容,也是对纳图芬人牙齿的研究所显示的内容。也就是说,这里that引导的宾语从句,是并列连词but并列的两个句子共同构成的:
主语:Studies of the teeth of Natufians
动词:also strongly suggest
宾语:that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them, but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.
But后面这部分整体是一个主系表句型:
主语:they
系动词:were also still,also和still都是副词,都是修饰前面的系动词were。副词修饰系动词be的时候,词位是位于系动词be的后面,这里就是这种情况,were also still的意思是“也仍然是、还仍然是”,和我们汉语的表达顺序刚好相反。
表语:hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones,这是“名词hunter-foragers + who定语从句”构成的一个名词词组,who引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词。
在后面这个who引导的定语从句中:
Who(主语) intensively hunted(动词) gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones(宾语).
这个定语从句中三个and ,分别并列的是:
And 1并列 gazelle and deer
And 2 并列gazelle and deer in more lush areas和wild goats and equids in more arid zones这两个作宾语的名词词组
And 3 并列wild goats and equids
译文(仅供参考):对纳图夫亚人牙齿的研究亦强烈表明:纳图夫亚人专门采集谷物,可能已经在种植它们并处于驯化它们的过程中;然而,纳图夫亚人还仍然是狩猎者,他们在草木较为茂盛之地广泛猎杀羚羊与小鹿,并在较为干旱的地方捕猎野山羊与马。

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