Participles

分词

Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk". 

分词通常用来创造复杂的动词形式，用来表达例如“我将会阅读”或者是“这杯酒已经被喝过”。

Participles are formed from verbs. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. Each category has present, future and past tenses.

分词由动词变成，通常有两种类别：主动和被动。两种类别都由现在时，将来时和过去时（三个时态）

Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.

注意，元音“i”，“a”和“o”也是可以作为过去时，现在时和将来时的词尾

In this skill we focus on the active participles.

在本节课中，我们主要讲的是主动分词。

Active participles

主动分词

The present active participle is used for the English -ing ending: doing, seeing, believing, etc. Unlike English, though, the active participle in Esperanto also has past and future variants:

在英语中，现在时的主动分词是以-ing作为结尾的，例如：doing，seeing。Believing等。不像英语，世界语的主动分词也有过去和将来的变位：

For example:

例如：

Participles are like adjectives

分词和形容词类似

Participles end in -a like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:

以 -a 结尾的分词和形容词类似。事实上，它们的使用方式也和形容词一个dio样，这意味着它们要和它们所修饰的目标的数要保持一致。

Mi estas skribanta. = I am (in the process of) writing.（我正在写字）

Ni estas skribantaj. = We are (in the process of) writing.（我们正在写字）

Mi vidis kurantan viron. = I saw a man (in the process of) running / I saw a running man

（我看到一个正在跑步的男人）

More about active participles

更多关于分词的内容

Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of esti :

分词能够和esti 的过去时、现在时以及将来时组合

Examples with an active participle: 

分词的例子：

Li estas leganta la libron 
He is (in the process of) reading the book.

他在阅读一本书

Li estos leginta la libron. 

(literally: He will be having read the book)

（字面意思：He will be having read the book）

 He will have read the book. 

他将会阅读这本书

Li estas leginta la libron. 
(literally: He is having read the book.) 

（字面意思：He is having read the book.）

He has read (has finished reading) the book. 
他已经读完这本书

Li estis leginta la libron. 
(literally: He was having read the book) 

（字面意思：He was having read the book）

He had read the book.

他读过这本书

[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles;

[注意：那些带有字面意思注释的句子翻译是辅助你去理解和使用分词的

they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].

它们并不会在英语口语里出现，也不会被本节课的翻译习题接纳为正确的答案。]

Active participles + -o ending

以-o结尾的主动分词

An o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:

分词以-o结尾通常表示特定的一个人

la leganto - the reader （领导人）
la skribanto - the writer （作者）
la gvidonto - the future guide （未来的领队）

Devintus, Povintus

devintus = estus devinta = should have 

povintus = estus povinta = could have

devintus = estus devinta = 本应该

povintus = estus povinta = 本能够

原文：www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Participles-1/tips-and-notes

翻译：vanilo